Some of the most important terms in the world of artificial intelligence for you in one article.

Jair Ribeiro

Jan 14, 2020·171 min read

Although AI isn’t new as a concept, it’s still very much in its infancy, and for the first time, as a society, we’re beginning to shift towards an AI-first realm. With endless possibilities and so much unchartered territory to explore, it’s no wonder that the race for AI supremacy is on.

For driven industry professionals in all fields, AI presents an exciting challenge to develop new technologies, set industry standards, and create new processes and workflows.

However, more and more, it’s increasingly becoming a challenge to understand all of the AI terms out there in the market. So let me put together some of the essential terms in the world of artificial intelligence for you in this article:

The content of this list of terms was produced using Artificial Intelligence as you can read here in this article:

Summary of Artificial Intelligence Terms

Summary of artificial intelligence terms

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A.I. Companies Of India.
The following is a list of notable a.i. companies of india, along with their corporate headquarters location.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd5jle6z

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A.I. Memo.
The a.i. memos are a series of powerful memorandums and technical reports published by the mit ai lab, massachusetts institute of technology, united states. They cover artificial intelligence, a field of computer science.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/bmus2pp

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A.I. Box.
One strategy to attempt to box the a.i. would be to allow the a.i. to respond to narrow multiple-choice questions whose answers would benefit human science or medicine, but otherwise, bar all other communication with or observation of the a.i. scientific progress on boxing would be fundamentally tricky because there would be no way to test boxing hypotheses against a dangerous superintelligence until such an entity exists. By that point, the consequences of a test failure would be catastrophic.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/kteyvmt

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A.I. Competitions.
The 2011 federal virtual world challenge, advertised by the white house and sponsored by the u.s. army research laboratory’s simulation and training technology center, held a competition offering a total of usd 52,000 in cash prize awards for general artificial intelligence applications, including “adaptive learning systems, intelligent conversational bots, adaptive behavior (objects or processes)” and more. The sumo prize is an annual prize for the best open-source ontology extension of the suggested upper merged ontology (sumo), a formal theory of terms and logical definitions describing the world.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybzcuycc

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A.I. Effect.
Author Pamela McCorduck writes: “it’s part of the history of the field of artificial intelligence that every time somebody figured out how to make a computer do something — play good checkers, solve simple but relatively informal problems — there was a chorus of critics to say, ‘that’s not thinking.’” many a.i. researchers find that they can procure more funding and sell more software if they avoid the tarnished name of “artificial intelligence” and instead pretend their work has nothing to do with intelligence at all.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/p3u449u

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A.I. Takeover.
Bostrom defines a superintelligence as “any intellect that greatly exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in virtually all domains of interest,” and enumerates some advantages a superintelligence would have if it chose to compete against humans: a computer program that faithfully emulates a human brain, or that otherwise runs algorithms that are equally powerful as the human brain’s algorithms, could still become a “speed superintelligence” if it can think many orders of magnitude faster than a human, due to being made of silicon rather than flesh, or due to optimization focusing on increasing the speed of the agi. If its self-reprogramming leads to its getting even better at being able to reprogram itself, the result could be a recursive intelligence explosion where it would rapidly leave human intelligence far behind.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y73scltb

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A.I. Winter.
As of 2007, darpa was soliciting a.i. research proposals under several programs including the grand challenge program, cognitive technology threat warning system (ct2ws), “human assisted neural devices (sn07–43)”, “autonomous real-time ground ubiquitous surveillance-imaging system (argus-is)” and “urban reasoning and geospatial exploitation technology (urgent)” perhaps best known is darpa’s grand challenge program which has developed fully automated road vehicles that can successfully navigate real-world terrain in a fully autonomous fashion. Many years later, several successful commercial speech recognition systems would use the technology developed by the carnegie mellon team (such as hidden markov models), and the market for speech recognition systems would reach $4 billion by 2001.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/llpurlt

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Ai-Complete.
The complexity of executing an algorithm with a human-assisted turing machine is given by a pair ⟨ φ h , φ m ⟩, where the first element represents the complexity of the human’s part and the second element is the complexity of the machine’s part. Some of this knowledge is in the form of facts that can be explicitly represented, but some knowledge is unconscious and closely tied to the human body. For example, the machine may need to understand how an ocean makes one feel to translate a specific metaphor in the text accurately.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pfn6xfs

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AIBO.
Fujita argued that entertainment robots might be viable as “a robot for entertainment can be effectively designed using various state-of-the-art technologies, such as speech recognition and vision, even though these technologies may not be mature enough for applications where they perform a critical function. Aibo’s creator, doi, called open-r, the masterpiece of the aibo development project, arguing it would minimize the need for programming individual movements or responses, and its “open” nature would encourage a global community of robot specialists and programmers to add capability.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pxujlad

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Alan Turing.
The others were: deducing the indicator procedure used by the German navy; developing a statistical procedure dubbed banburismus for making much more efficient use of the bombes; developing a procedure dubbed turingery for working out the cam settings of the wheels of the Lorenz sz 40/42 (tunny) cipher machine and, towards the end of the war, the development of a portable secure voice scrambler at hanslope park that was codenamed, Delilah. Later this sequential process of accumulating sufficient weight of evidence using decibans (one-tenth of a ban) was used in cryptanalysis of the lorenz cipher turing traveled to the united states in November 1942 and worked with u.s. navy cryptanalysts on the naval enigma and bombe construction in Washington; he also visited their computing machine laboratory in dayton, ohio.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/722b9o7

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Algorithmic Probability.
Although the universal probability of observation (and its extension) is incomputable, there is a computer algorithm, levin search, which, when running for longer and longer periods, will generate a sequence of approximations which converge to the universal probability distribution. Solomonoff invented a single universal prior probability that can be substituted for each actual prior probability in bayes’s rule with kolmogorov complexity as a side product.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc857xs4

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alien.
In 2008, the american film institute ranked alien as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre as part of afi’s 10 top 10, a cbs television special ranking the ten greatest movies in ten classic american film genres. Many critics have also suggested that the film derives in part from a. E. Van vogt’s the voyage of the space beagle (1950), particularly its stories “the black destroyer,” in which a cat-like alien infiltrates the ship and hunts the crew; and “discord in scarlet,” in which an alien implants parasitic eggs inside crew members which then hatch and eat their way out.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/lrxq9r6

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aliens.
The first pinball adaptation of the film was one of four virtual tables in the 1999 computer game sci-fi pinball, with the other three based on the first two predator films, buffy the vampire slayer and the fly. On april 26, 2016, zen studios released the aliens vs. Pinball add-on pack for zen pinball 2, pinball f.x. 2 and pinball f.x. 3, which contained a digital pinball adaptation of the film featuring 3-d animated figures of ripley and the xenomorph queen and omitting the film’s graphic violence and strong profanity.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7hlta2m

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allen (robot).
“the first level layer of control (second layer), when combined with zeroth, imbues the robot with the ability to wander around aimlessly without hitting obstacles.” “the summed vector suppressed the first obstacle avoidance vector, but the obstacle avoidance behavior still operated, having been subsumed by the new layer, in its account of the lower level’s repulsive force.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7syfycx

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allen institute for artificial intelligence.
In 2018, the institute partnered with the university of washington to explore deep learning artificial intelligence designed to predict how dogs would respond to stimuli. Ai2 has also been mentioned in other articles discussing the current state of and trends in artificial intelligence research.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycc7k3zo

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allen newell.
This work included the general problem solver, a highly influential implementation of means-ends analysis, and the physical symbol systems hypothesis, the controversial philosophical assertion that all intelligent behavior could be reduced to the kind of symbol manipulation that newell’s programs demonstrated. They founded an artificial intelligence laboratory at carnegie mellon university and produced a series of important programs and theoretical insights throughout the late fifties and sixties.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/c75m8yp

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alphabet inc.
On january 16, 2020, alphabet became the fourth u.s. company to reach a $1 trillion market value entering the trillion dollar companies club for the first time. Schmidt said it was he who encouraged page and brin to meet with buffett in omaha to see how berkshire hathaway was a holding company made of subsidiaries with strong ceos who were trusted to run their businesses.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nj6xwkd

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amazon alexa.
Most devices with alexa allow users to activate the device using a wake-word (such as alexa or amazon); other devices (such as the amazon mobile app on ios or android and amazon dash wand) require the user to push a button to activate alexa’s listening mode, although, some phones also allow a user to say a command, such as “alexa” or “alexa wake”. Amazon allows device manufacturers to integrate alexa voice capabilities into their own connected products by using the alexa voice service (avs), a cloud-based service that provides apis to interface with alexa.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9b4p3x3

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andrew ng.
His machine learning course cs229 at stanford is one of the most popular courses offered on campus with over 1000 students enrolling some years. Within stanford, they include daphne koller with her “blended learning experiences” and co-designing a peer-grading system, john mitchell (courseware, a learning management system), dan boneh (using machine learning to synchronize videos, later teaching cryptography on coursera), bernd girod (classx), and others.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8whlcz7

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angel f.
The parallel between the growth of the a.i. and that of a child kept building up and, just as children learn how to speak and act by observing their parents and the people around them, angel_f used its spyware and a.i. components to learn, to navigate websites and web portals using web crawler based techniques, and to interact with other people by using the contents hosted and generated in its database to create surreal dialogues in blogs and websites. The young digital being mimicked the evolution of a human baby: initially conceived inside the website of its digital mother it emulated the birth of a child by using the metaphor of a virus developing inside a website, taking progressively more space in the domain’s databases and interfaces.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9qbgllo

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applications of artificial intelligence.
Haitham baomar and peter bentley are leading a team from the university college of london to develop an artificial intelligence based intelligent autopilot system (ias) designed to teach an autopilot system to behave like a highly experienced pilot who is faced with an emergency situation such as severe weather, turbulence, or system failure. “the major junctions of the system were to monitor premiums in the market, determine the optimum investment strategy, execute transactions when appropriate and modify the knowledge base through a learning mechanism.” applied expert systems (apex) called the planpower created one of the first expert systems that helped with financial plans.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycr722p8

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arnold rimmer.
In the following episode, “tikka to ride” (1997), lister mentions in a video log that the future starbug destroying the starbug of the present meant the time drive they had used ceased to exist in both the present and the future, or in other words, killing the present crew of starbug in the present also killed the crew in the future, making it impossible for the future crew from ever going back in time to kill themselves in the present. He attempts to coerce lister to shoot a dangerous simulant (nicholas ball) in the back (bemoaning the fact that said simulant was currently awake), suggests shooting kryten and lister into space when they appeared on the ship in a timeline where they had been erased from history, suggests that he and kryten eject lister and cat from starbug when it is revealed that the ship lacks fuel to reach the nearest planet — although this is also prompted by the discovery that the ship only had air for seven minutes and was ended when rimmer learned that his projection unit only had enough power for four minutes — and in a despair squid-induced hallucination of 21st century earth, casually pushes a fellow hologram (sophie winkleman) into traffic after she repeatedly threatens to have him “erased” and claims that hologram-killing is “morally, ethically […] Fine”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/h4xtlge
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artificial creativity.
Pattern-reforming creativity refers to creativity by the breaking of rules, reforming and reshaping patterns of language often through individual innovation, while pattern-forming creativity refers to creativity via conformity to language rules rather than breaking them, creating convergence, symmetry and greater mutuality between interlocutors through their interactions in the form of repetitions. The goal of computational creativity is to model, simulate or replicate creativity using a computer, to achieve one of several ends: the field of computational creativity concerns itself with theoretical and practical issues in the study of creativity.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yau9qbph

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artificial general intelligence research institute.
Agiri hosts an online forum, publishes material on the development, application and implications for agi, and hosts agi workshops in the washington, d.c. area. Its mission is to “foster the creation of powerful and ethically positive” artificial general intelligence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y798l4mp

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artificial intelligence applications institute.
In august 2018, the school gained another research space in the form of the bayes centre, a purpose-built data science and artificial intelligence hub shared with multiple other data science and informatics groups, as well as the university’s maxwell graduate institute, encompassing the phd research output of the mathematics departments at both edinburgh and heriot-watt university. The school is particularly known for research in the areas of artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, systems biology, mathematical logic and theoretical computer science; but also contributes too many other areas of informatics.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9bs58ob

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artificial intelligence: a modern approach.
The book is intended for an undergraduate audience but can also be used for graduate-level studies with the suggestion of adding some of the primary sources listed in the extensive bibliography. The fourth edition to artificial intelligence: a modern approach focuses more on machine learning, deep learning, probabilistic programming, multiagent systems, and includes sections where the a.i.’s utility function is uncertain, rather than certain.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8zsotmv

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artificial minds.
As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers the most promising examples of the era. The book is a wide-ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y97zmowg

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artificial brain.
Some proponents of strong a.i. speculated in 2009 that computers in connection with blue brain and soul catcher may exceed human intellectual capacity by around 2015, and that it is likely that we will be able to download the human brain at some time around 2050. Research investigating “artificial brains” and brain emulation plays three important roles in science: an example of the first objective is the project reported by aston university in birmingham, england where researchers are using biological cells to create “neurospheres” (small clusters of neurons) in order to develop new treatments for diseases including alzheimer’s, motor neuron and parkinson’s disease.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jonsznx

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artificial consciousness.
Artificial consciousness (a.c.), also known as machine consciousness (mc) or synthetic consciousness (gamez 2008; reggia 2013), is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics. Igor aleksander, emeritus professor of neural systems engineering at imperial college, has extensively researched artificial neural networks and claims in his book impossible minds: my neurons, my consciousness that the principles for creating a conscious machine already exist but that it would take forty years to train such a machine to understand language.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jxbvt9q

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artificial development.
Artificial development is often considered a sub-field of evolutionary computation, although the principles of artificial development have also been used within stand-alone computational models. Artificial development, also known as artificial embryogeny or machine intelligence or computational development, is an area of computer science and engineering concerned with computational models motivated by genotype-phenotype mappings in biological systems.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc3foa5r

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artificial general intelligence.
The intricacy of scientific problems and the need to fully understand the human brain through psychology and neurophysiology have limited many researchers in emulating the function of the human brain in computer hardware. There are other aspects of the human mind besides intelligence that are relevant to the concept of strong a.i. which play a major role in science fiction and the ethics of artificial intelligence: these traits have a moral dimension, because a machine with this form of strong a.i. may have legal rights, analogous to the rights of non-human animals.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nanlhmm

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artificial immune systems.
The field of artificial immune systems (ais) is concerned with abstracting the structure and function of the immune system to computational systems, and investigating the application of these systems towards solving computational problems from mathematics, engineering, and information technology. Ais is distinct from computational immunology and theoretical biology that are concerned with simulating immunology using computational and mathematical models towards better understanding the immune system, although such models initiated the field of ais and continue to provide a fertile ground for inspiration.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybr5yay9

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artificial intelligence.
In computer science, artificial intelligence (a.i.), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals. Finally, a few “emergent” approaches look to simulating human intelligence extremely closely, and believe that anthropomorphic features like an artificial brain or simulated child development may someday reach a critical point where general intelligence emerges.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/lh5bq4g

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artificial intelligence and law.
Legal informatics therefore, pertains to the application of informatics within the context of the legal environment and as such involves law-related organizations (e.g., law offices, courts, and law schools) and users of information and information technologies within these organizations. For example, theories of legal decision making, especially models of argumentation, have contributed to knowledge representation and reasoning; models of social organization based on norms have contributed to multi-agent systems; reasoning with legal cases has contributed to case-based reasoning; and the need to store and retrieve large amounts of textual data has resulted in contributions to conceptual information retrieval and intelligent databases.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y6wd8zvk

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artificial intelligence arms race.
On october 31, 2019, the unites states department of defense’s defense innovation board published the draft of a report recommending principles for the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the department of defense that would ensure a human operator would always be able to look into the ‘black box’ and understand the kill-chain process. Stephen cave of the leverhulme centre argues the risk is threefold, with the first risk potentially having geopolitical implications, and the second two definitely having geopolitical implications: i) the dangers of an a.i.’ race for technological advantage’ framing, regardless of whether the race is seriously pursued; ii) the dangers of an a.i.’ race for technological advantage’ framing and an actual a.i. race for technological advantage, regardless of whether the race is won; iii) the dangers of an a.i. race for technological advantage being won.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yahx7weg

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artificial intelligence as a global catastrophic risk.
In 2008, an informal survey of experts on different global catastrophic risks at the global catastrophic risk conference at the university of oxford suggested a 19% chance of human extinction by the year 2100. A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9qxxb7b

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artificial intelligence in fiction.
Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. Good described an intelligence explosion, now more often called the technological singularity, in which an “ultraintelligent machine” would be able to design a still more intelligent machine, which would lead to the creation of machines far more intelligent than humans.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycbt3q4b

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artificial intelligence systems integration.
Among the tools to ease software collaboration are various procedures and standards that developers can follow to ensure quality, reliability and that their software is compatible with software created by others (such as w3c standards for webpage development). The core idea of artificial intelligence systems integration is making individual software components, such as speech synthesizers, interoperable with other components, such as common sense knowledgebase, in order to create larger, broader and more capable a.i.
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydd5ss54

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artificial life.
The necessity to formulate an intrinsic axiomatic system of the subject before creating its white-box model distinguishes the cellular automata models of white-box type from cellular automata models based on arbitrary logical rules. Artificial life studies the fundamental processes of living systems in artificial environments in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complex information processing that define such systems.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/odqyc26

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artificial neural network.
Topics collective intelligence collective action self-organized criticality herd mentality phase transition agent-based modelling synchronization ant colony optimization particle swarm optimization swarm behavior social network analysis small-world networks community identification centrality motifs graph theory scaling robustness systems biology dynamic networks evolutionary computation genetic algorithms genetic programming artificial life machine learning evolutionary developmental biology artificial intelligence evolutionary robotics reaction–diffusion systems partial differential equations dissipative structures percolation cellular automata spatial ecology self-replication spatial evolutionary biology operationalization feedback self-reference goal-oriented system dynamics sensemaking entropy cybernetics autopoiesis information theory computation theory ordinary differential equations iterative maps phase space attractors stability analysis population dynamics chaos multistability bifurcation rational choice theory bounded rationality irrational behavior artificial neural networks (ann) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. Some of the main breakthroughs include: convolutional neural networks that have proven particularly successful in processing visual and other two-dimensional data; long short-term memory avoid the vanishing gradient problem and can handle signals that have a mix of low and high frequency components aiding large-vocabulary speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, and photo-real talking heads; competitive networks such as generative adversarial networks in which multiple networks (of varying structure) compete with each other, on tasks such as winning a game or on deceiving the opponent about the authenticity of an input.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/dy5wcam

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artificial psychology.
As of 2015, the level of artificial intelligence does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology can even be tested, and therefore, artificial psychology remains a largely theoretical discipline. The theory considers the situation when an artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions: condition i condition ii when both conditions are met, then, according to this theory, the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y73mo2nf

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asilomar conference on beneficial ai.
The asilomar conference on beneficial a.i. was a conference organized by the future of life institute , held january 5–8, 2017, at the asilomar conference grounds in california. More than 100 thought leaders and researches in economics, law, ethics, and philosophy met at the conference, to address and formulate principles of beneficial a.i.
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybfo3vxc

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asimo.
Asimo environment identifying sensors which include visual, ground, and ultrasonic sensors two cameras inside the black visor of asimo pairs of black markings are used to provide targets for its autonomous navigation the ground and front ultrasonic sensors are located at the bottom part of the torso asimo autonomous navigation through a couple of targets the sole of the left foot is shown which is part of the floor reaction control rear view of asimo honda’s work with asimo led to further research on walking assist devices that resulted in innovations such as the stride management assist and the bodyweight support assist. Additionally, the robot visited top engineering and computer science colleges and universities across the u.s. as part of the asimo technology circuit tour in an effort to encourage students to consider scientific careers.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jvr9b47

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assistant.
Assistant used natural language processing and speech recognition to interact with its users and was able to have clarifying conversations. Assistant is an intelligent personal assistant application for mobile devices developed by speaktoit.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7xj5dlv

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association for the advancement of artificial intelligence.
Aaai produces a quarterly publication, a.i. magazine, which seeks to publish significant new research and literature across the entire field of artificial intelligence and to help members to keep abreast of research outside their immediate specialties. Aaai also aims to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence (a.i.), improve the teaching and training of a.i. practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current a.i. developments and future directions.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycxts6nu

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automated mathematician.
Am worked by generating and modifying short lisp programs which were then interpreted as defining various mathematical concepts; for example, a program that tested equality between the length of two lists was considered to represent the concept of numerical equality, while a program that produced a list whose length was the product of the lengths of two other lists was interpreted as representing the concept of multiplication. In his paper why am and eurisko appear to work, lenat conceded that any system that generated enough short lisp programs would generate ones that could be interpreted by an external observer as representing equally sophisticated mathematical concepts.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yaz39jdf

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automated reasoning.
The most developed subareas of automated reasoning are automated theorem proving (and the less automated but more pragmatic subfield of interactive theorem proving) and automated proof checking (viewed as guaranteed correct reasoning under fixed assumptions). Tools and techniques of automated reasoning include the classical logics and calculi, fuzzy logic, bayesian inference, reasoning with maximal entropy and many less formal ad hoc techniques.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb3wlovh

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automatic image annotation.
Automatic image annotation (also known as automatic image tagging or linguistic indexing) is the process by which a computer system automatically assigns metadata in the form of captioning or keywords to a digital image. The traditional methods of image retrieval such as those used by libraries have relied on manually annotated images, which is expensive and time-consuming, especially given the large and constantly growing image databases in existence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd6l4cgo

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automatic number plate recognition.
In 2013 researchers at sunflex zone ltd created a privacy license plate frame that uses near infrared light to make the license plate unreadable to license plate recognition systems. Smaller cameras with the ability to read license plates at higher speeds, along with smaller, more durable processors that fit in the trunks of police vehicles, allowed law enforcement officers to patrol daily with the benefit of license plate reading in real time, when they can interdict immediately.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qzgxf95

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automatic target recognition.
This is done by modeling the received signal then using a statistical estimation method such as maximum likelihood (ml), majority voting (mv) or maximum a posteriori (map) to make a decision about which target in the library best fits the model built using the received signal. Studies have been done that take audio features used in speech recognition to build automated target recognition systems that will identify targets based on these audio inspired coefficients.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ha73d6

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automation.
Ieee robotics and automation award industrial robot autonomous research robot domestic robot home automation banking automation laboratory automation integrated library system broadcast automation console automation building automation automated attendant automated guided vehicle automated highway system automated pool cleaner automated reasoning automated teller machine automatic painting (robotic) pop music automation robotic lawn mower telephone switchboard vending machine automation, or labor-saving technology is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. The definition of a closed loop control system according to the british standard institution is ‘a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero.’
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd5tw2sq

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autonomic computing.
Others such as poslad and nami and bertels have expanded on the set of self-star as follows: ibm has set forth eight conditions that define an autonomic system: the system must even though the purpose and thus the behavior of autonomic systems vary from system to system, every autonomic system should be able to exhibit a minimum set of properties to achieve its purpose: ibm defined five evolutionary levels, or the autonomic deployment model, for the deployment of autonomic systems: the design complexity of autonomic systems can be simplified by utilizing design patterns such as the model-view-controller (mvc) pattern to improve concern separation by encapsulating functional concerns. They state the essence of autonomic computing is system self-management, freeing administrators from low-level task management while delivering better system behavior.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yclkvlbc

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autonomic networking.
Corrections to decrease risk must be considered in balance with performance objectives and value of process goals — an overzealous defensive response can immobilize the system (like the immune system inappropriately invoking an allergic reaction). Unless embodied in some system outside the autonomic network or implicit to the specific policy implementation, the framework must also accommodate the definition of process, objectives and goals.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y995oepa

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autonomous agent.
In specific, appearance impact most on affective trust while autonomy impact most on both affective and cognitive domain of trust where cognitive trust is characterized by knowledge-based factors and affective trust ls largely emotion driven an intelligent agent, however appears according to an ibm white paper as: intelligent agents are software entities that carry out some set of operations on behalf of a user or another program with some degree of independence or autonomy, and in so doing, employ some knowledge or representation of the user’s goals or desires.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb8b2p7x

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backward chaining.
Therefore, the conjunction is true: therefore the antecedent of rule #1 is true and the consequent must be true: therefore the antecedent of rule #3 is true and the consequent must be true: this derivation therefore allows the inference engine to prove that fritz is green. Note that the goals always match the affirmed versions of the consequents of implications (and not the negated versions as in modus tollens) and even then, their antecedents are then considered as the new goals (and not the conclusions as in affirming the consequent), which ultimately must match known facts (usually defined as consequents whose antecedents are always true); thus, the inference rule used is modus ponens.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/msrqj2a

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baidu.
Baidu offers several services to locate information, products and services using chinese-language search terms, such as, search by chinese phonetics, advanced search, snapshots, spell checker, stock quotes, news, knows, postbar, images, video and space information, and weather, train and flight schedules and other local information. The p4p platform is an online marketplace that introduces internet search users to customers who bid for priority placement in the search results.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jauvoqf

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bayesian networks.
For the following, let g = (v,e) be a directed acyclic graph (dag) and let x = (xv), v ∈ v be a set of random variables indexed by v. X is a bayesian network with respect to g if its joint probability density function (with respect to a product measure) can be written as a product of the individual density functions, conditional on their parent variables: where pa(v) is the set of parents of v (i.e. the additional semantics of causal networks specify that if a node x is actively caused to be in a given state x (an action written as do(x = x)), then the probability density function changes to that of the network obtained by cutting the links from the parents of x to x, and setting x to the caused value x.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/lylqwey

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behavior based a.i.
behavior-based robotics (bbr) or behavioral robotics is an approach in robotics that focuses on robots that are able to exhibit complex-appearing behaviors despite little internal variable state to model its immediate environment, mostly gradually correcting its actions via sensory-motor links. Classic artificial intelligence typically uses a set of steps to solve problems; it follows a path based on internal representations of events compared to the behavior-based approach.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9af5wwp

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bio-inspired computing.
In the future research of cognitive brain computing model, it is necessary to model the brain information processing system based on multi-scale brain neural system data analysis results, construct a brain-inspired multi-scale neural network computing model, and simulate multi-modality of brain in multi-scale. And the progress of brain science and neuroscience provides the necessary basis for artificial intelligence to learn from the brain information processing mechanism.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n22hogg

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blackboard system.
A blackboard system is an artificial intelligence approach based on the blackboard architectural model, where a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification and ending with a solution, iteratively updates a common knowledge base, the “blackboard”. Each knowledge source updates the blackboard with a partial solution when its internal constraints match the blackboard state.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nhvk8qs

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blade runner.
The television film (and later series) total recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin-off of the film total recall (based on philip k. Dick’s short story “we can remember it for you wholesale”), but was produced as a hybrid of total recall and blade runner. Coca-cola and cuisinart recovered, and tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/82vh6s6

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blue brain project.
The blue brain project is a swiss brain research initiative that aims to create a digital reconstruction of rodent and eventually human brains by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry. In 2018, blue brain project released its first digital 3d brain cell atlas which, according to sciencedaily, is like “going from hand-drawn maps to google earth”, providing information about major cell types, numbers, and positions in 737 regions of the brain.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pz4peq2

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boston dynamics.
Since 2019, spot has been made commercially available, making it the first commercially available robot from boston dynamics, with the company stating its intent to commercialize other robots as well, including handle. On its website, boston dynamics highlights that spot is the “quietest robot [they] have built.” the company says it has plans with contract manufacturers to build the first 100 spots later that year for commercial purposes, with them starting to scale production with the goal of selling spot in 2019.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oufl9uh

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brain emotional learning based intelligent controller.
To construct a computational model of emotional learning in the brain requires a thorough analysis of the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex and the interaction between them: in mammals, emotional responses are processed in a part of the brain called the limbic system, which lies in the cerebral cortex. Belbic (brain emotional learning based intelligent controller) is one such controller which is proposed by caro lucas, danial shahmirzadi and nima sheikholeslami and adopts the network model developed by moren and balkenius to mimic those parts of the brain which are known to produce emotion (namely, the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus and sensory input cortex).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7rjexdg

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braina.
Braina uses natural language interface and speech recognition to interact with its users and allows users to use natural language sentences to perform various tasks on their computer. The application can find information from the internet, search and play songs and videos of user’s choice, take dictation, find and open files, set alarms and reminders, performs math calculations, controls windows and programs etc.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc6kqsnd

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butlerian jihad.
Creative works set in the dune universe can be said to fall into five general time periods: as explained in dune, the butlerian jihad is a conflict taking place over 11,000 years in the future (and over 10,000 years before the events of dune) which results in the total destruction of virtually all forms of “computers, thinking machines, and conscious robots”. Beginning in 1999, his son brian herbert and science fiction author kevin j. Anderson published a number of prequel novels, as well as two which complete the original dune series (hunters of dune in 2006 and sandworms of dune in 2007), partially based on frank herbert’s notes discovered a decade after his death.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hcmbg9x

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chappie.
The film earned $4.6 million in its opening day, $5.3 million on its second day, and $3.5 million on its third day, totaling $13.4 million in its opening weekend, while playing in 3,201 theaters. The name of the weapons company in chappie — “tetravaal” — is a reference to blomkamp’s 2003 short film of the same name, which centers on a police robot in johannesburg with a similar design to chappie.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8q37hv4

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chaos theory.
Nonlinear jerk systems are in a sense minimally complex systems to show chaotic behavior; there is no chaotic system involving only two first-order, ordinary differential equations (the system resulting in an equation of second order only). The straightforward generalization of coupled discrete maps is based upon convolution integral, which mediates interaction between spatially distributed maps.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qexmowa

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chatterbots.
The majority of participants would use a health chatbot for seeking general health information (78%), booking a medical appointment (78%) and looking for local health services (80%). Designed to convincingly simulate the way a human would behave as a conversational partner, chatbot systems typically require continuous tuning and testing, and many in production remain unable to adequately converse or pass the industry standard turing test.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qbeohra

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clinical decision support system.
A clinical decision support system (cdss) is a health information technology system that is designed to provide physicians and other health professionals with clinical decision support (cds), that is, assistance with clinical decision-making tasks. This implies that a cdss is simply a decision support system that is focused on using knowledge management in such a way so as to achieve clinical advice for patient care based on multiple items of patient data.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7tv7mr5

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cog.
This could be particularly important for an artificial intelligence device to learn from people in the way that human children learn through interactions within a social group. It was based on the hypothesis that human-level intelligence requires gaining experience from interacting with humans, like human infants do.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9whoqso

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cognitive.
Serial position the serial position experiment is meant to test a theory of memory that states that when information is given in a serial manner, we tend to remember information in the beginning of the sequence, called the primacy effect, and information in the end of the sequence, called the recency effect. Memory span during the memory span experiment, each subject is presented with a sequence of stimuli of the same kind; words depicting objects, numbers, letters that sound similar, and letters that sound dissimilar.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/8ysspw6

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cognitive assistant that learns and organizes.
The calo effort has had many major spin-offs, most notably the siri intelligent software assistant that is now part of the apple ios since ios 5, delivered in several phones and tablets; social kinetics, a social application that learned personalized intervention and treatment strategies for chronic disease patients, sold to redbrick health; the trapit project, which is a web scraper and news aggregator that makes intelligent selections of web content based on user preferences; tempo a.i., a smart calendar; desti, a personalized travel guide; and kuato studios, a game development startup. Sri international was the lead integrator responsible for coordinating the effort to produce an assistant that can live with and learn from its users, provide value to them, and then pass a yearly evaluation that measures how well the system has learned to do its job.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycbzglzw

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cognitive architecture.
A cognitive architecture refers to both a theory about the structure of the human mind and to a computational instantiation of such a theory used in the fields of artificial intelligence (a.i.) and computational cognitive science. The institute for creative technologies defines cognitive architecture as: “hypothesis about the fixed structures that provide a mind, whether in natural or artificial systems, and how they work together — in conjunction with knowledge and skills embodied within the architecture — to yield intelligent behavior in a diversity of complex environments.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycw4zg68

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cognitive science.
The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience says “the new sciences of the mind need to enlarge their horizon to encompass both lived human experience and the possibilities for transformation inherent in human experience.” this can be provided by a functional level account of the process. Cognitive scientists study memory just as psychologists do, but tend to focus more on how memory bears on cognitive processes, and the interrelationship between cognition and memory.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zcljnmx

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colossus.
Professor charles forbin, a leading cybernetics expert of international repute, arrives at the white house to brief the president of the united states of north america (canada and the united states are one country, the usna) to announce the completion of project colossus, a computer system in the rocky mountains, designed to assume control of the usna’s nuclear arsenal. In confronting the computers, prof. Forbin confers with his soviet counterpart, the russian academician kupri — guardian’s creator — to enact a plan for stopping the colossus-guardian computer network by disabling the nuclear weapon stockpiles of the ussr and the usna, under guise of regular missile maintenance.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y78gt5yu

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colossus: the forbin project.
Vincent canby, critic for the new york times, gave the film a positive review, “the film … Is no dr. Strangelove, but it’s full of surprising moments of humor and intelligence […] An unpretentious science fiction film with a satiric point of view […] A practically perfect movie to see when you want to go to a movie and have nothing special in mind.” after being handed full control, colossus’ draconian logic expands on its original nuclear defense directives to assume total control of the world and end all warfare for the good of humankind despite its creators’ orders to stop.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/kclk7np

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combs method.
For example, if we have five sets and five variables to consider producing one output, covering all the cases would require 3125 rules in a traditional system, while the combs method would require only 25 rules, taming the combinatorial explosion that occurs when more inputs or more sets are added to the system. The combs method takes advantage of the logical equality ( ( p ∧ q ) ⇒ r ) ⟺ ( ( p ⇒ r ) ∨ ( q ⇒ r ) ).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9n3h372

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commander data.
Later, his mother julianna appears in the episode “inheritance” and reunites with data, though the crew discovers she was an android duplicate built by soong after the real julianna’s death, programmed to die after a long life, and to believe she is the true julianna, unaware of the fact she is an android. Lore returns in the two-part episode “descent”, using the emotion chip to control data and make him help with lore’s attempt to make the borg entirely artificial lifeforms.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7uqhcw4

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commonsense knowledge.
Commonsense reasoning simulates the human ability to use commonsense knowledge to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day, and to change their ‘minds’ should new information come to light. A natural language processing process can be attached to the commonsense knowledge base to allow the knowledge base to attempt to answer questions about the world.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qjt5w87

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commonsense reasoning.
The commonsense knowledge problem is a current project in the sphere of artificial intelligence to create a database that contains the general knowledge most individuals are expected to have, represented in an accessible way to artificial intelligence programs that use natural language. Comet (2019), which uses both the openai gpt language model architecture and existing commonsense knowledge bases such as conceptnet, claims to generate commonsense inferences at a level approaching human benchmarks.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7e2q7y7

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computational intelligence.
Computational intelligence is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on artificial intelligence. It was established in 1985 and is published by wiley-blackwell.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybcdfruk

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computational creativity.
Pattern-reforming creativity refers to creativity by the breaking of rules, reforming and reshaping patterns of language often through individual innovation, while pattern-forming creativity refers to creativity via conformity to language rules rather than breaking them, creating convergence, symmetry and greater mutuality between interlocutors through their interactions in the form of repetitions. The goal of computational creativity is to model, simulate or replicate creativity using a computer, to achieve one of several ends: the field of computational creativity concerns itself with theoretical and practical issues in the study of creativity.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7alkdeb

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computational humor.
His book mathematics and humor: a study of the logic of humor demonstrates structures common to humor and formal sciences (mathematics, linguistics) and develops a mathematical model of jokes based on catastrophe theory. Because many people regard humor as something particular to humans, its appearance in conversation can be quite useful in convincing a human interrogator that a hidden entity, which could be a machine or a human, is in fact a human.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/loj8dhm

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computational theory of mind.
The computational theory of mind states that the mind functions as a symbolic operator, and that mental representations are symbolic representations; just as the semantics of language are the features of words and sentences that relate to their meaning, the semantics of mental states are those meanings of representations, the definitions of the ‘words’ of the language of thought. In philosophy of mind, the computational theory of mind (ctm), also known as, computationalism is a family of views that hold that the human mind is an information processing system and that cognition and consciousness together are a form of computation.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ocd4wsd

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computer vision.
Examples of applications of computer vision include systems for: one of the most prominent application fields is medical computer vision, or medical image processing, characterized by the extraction of information from image data to diagnose a patient. This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling of symbolic information from image data using models constructed with the aid of geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nguynp3

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computer-assisted proof.
Arguments that computer-assisted proofs are subject to errors in their source programs, compilers, and hardware can be resolved by providing a formal proof of correctness for the computer program (an approach which was successfully applied to the four-color theorem in 2005) as well as replicating the result using different programming languages, different compilers, and different computer hardware. Those who adhere to tymoczko’s arguments believe that lengthy computer-assisted proofs are not, in some sense, ‘real’ mathematical proofs because they involve so many logical steps that they are not practically verifiable by human beings, and that mathematicians are effectively being asked to replace logical deduction from assumed axioms with trust in an empirical computational process, which is potentially affected by errors in the computer program, as well as defects in the runtime environment and hardware.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7jrbnuq

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computing machinery and intelligence.
He then mentions that in the process of trying to imitate an adult human mind it becomes important to consider the processes that lead to the adult mind being in its present state; which he summarizes as: given this process he asks whether it would be more appropriate to program a child’s mind instead of an adults mind and then subject the child mind to a period of education. Turing then mentions that the task of being able to create a machine that could play the imitation game is one of programming and he postulates that by the end of the century it will indeed be technologically possible to program a machine to play the game.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yjpx9wg8

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concept mining.
For the purposes of concept mining however, these ambiguities tend to be less important than they are with machine translation, for in large documents the ambiguities tend to even out, much as is the case with text mining. Examples are linguistic analysis of the text and the use of word and concept association frequency information that may be inferred from large text corpora.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ya9ef4ue

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conceptual dependency theory.
Conceptual dependency theory is a model of natural language understanding used in artificial intelligence systems. An atrans is used to represent a transfer such as “give” or “take” while a ptrans is used to act on locations such as “move” or “go”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycwky3j9

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constrained conditional models.
Constrained conditional models form a learning and inference framework that augments the learning of conditional (probabilistic or discriminative) models with declarative constraints (written, for example, using a first-order representation) as a way to support decisions in an expressive output space while maintaining modularity and tractability of training and inference.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd9tzhcu

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control problem.
Some scholars, including nobel laureate physicists stephen hawking and frank wilczek, publicly advocated starting research into solving the (probably extremely difficult) control problem well before the first superintelligence is created, and argue that attempting to solve the problem after superintelligence is created would be too late, as an uncontrollable rogue superintelligence might successfully resist post-hoc efforts to control it. In general, attempts to solve the control problem after superintelligence is created, are likely to fail because a superintelligence would likely have superior strategic planning abilities to humans, and (all things equal) would be more successful at finding ways to dominate humans than humans would be able to post facto find ways to dominate the superintelligence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybed47j7

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control system.
The control system compares the value or status of the process variable (p.v.) being controlled with the desired value or setpoint (s.p.), and applies the difference as a control signal to bring the process variable output of the plant to the same value as the setpoint. In cascade control, one control loop applies control algorithms to a measured variable against a setpoint, but then provides a varying setpoint to another control loop rather than affecting process variables directly.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/psls9xz

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coreference resolution.
That is, when two or more expressions are coindexed, it indicates that one is dealing with coreference or a bound variable. Finally, in entity-based methods mentions are linked based on information of the whole coreference chain instead of individual mentions.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7udna76

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cortana.
Cortana has a built-in system of reminders which for example can be associated with a specific contact; it will then remind the user when in communication with that contact, possibly at a specific time or when the phone is in a specific location. Cortana can set reminders, recognize natural voice without the requirement for keyboard input, and answer questions using information from the bing search engine (e.g., current weather and traffic conditions, sports scores, biographies).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qgkxnnt

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culture novels.
The culture stories are space opera, with certain elements that are free from scientific realism, and banks uses this freedom extravagantly in order to focus on the human and political aspects of his universe; he rejects the dystopian direction of present-day capitalism, which both cyberpunk and earlier space operas assume, in creating a post-scarcity society as the primary civilization of focus. When the first culture stories appeared, science fiction was dominated by cyberpunk, a pessimistic subgenre that worried about, but offered no solutions for, the offshoring of jobs to countries with lower costs or less strict regulations, the increasing power of corporations and the threats to privacy posed by computer networks.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/p5xxokw

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curlie.
These guidelines describe editing basics: which types of sites may be listed and which may not; how site listings should be titled and described in a loosely consistent manner; conventions for the naming and building of categories; conflict of interest limitations on the editing of sites which the editor may own or otherwise be affiliated with; and a code of conduct within the community. Even so, dmoz staff began to give trusted senior editors additional editing privileges, including the ability to approve new editor applications, which eventually led to a stratified hierarchy of duties and privileges among dmoz editors, with dmoz’s paid staff having the final say regarding dmoz’s policies and procedures.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7xrzkxo

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cybernetics.
Cybernetics studies systems of control as a concept, attempting to discover the basic principles underlying such things as cybernetics in biology is the study of cybernetic systems present in biological organisms, primarily focusing on how animals adapt to their environment, and how information in the form of genes is passed from generation to generation. Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary biology and neuroscience in the 1940s; the ideas are also related to the biological work of ludwig von bertalanffy in general systems theory.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ngpw3jj

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cyborgs.
According to clark, these interactions between a person and a form of technology integrate that technology into the cognitive process in a way which is analogous to the way that a technology which would fit the traditional concept a cyborg augmentation becomes integrated with its biological host. Examples of this human and technology cyborg system can be very low tech and simplistic, such as using a calculator to perform basic mathematical operations or pen and paper to make notes, or as high tech as using a personal computer or phone.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/6mr57z3

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cylons.
During the 40-year gap between the end of the first cylon war and the second cylon war on caprica, cavil, model number one of the eight humanoid cylons that the final five had designed and created, rebelled against the final five and took command of the centurions and of the other humanoid cylons. A deal was struck: the humans would help the rebels unbox the threes so that they could identify the final five, and the rebels would lead the humans to the resurrection hub and help them destroy it so cavil would lose resurrection forever.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nvkml63

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darwin machine.
A darwin machine (a 1987 coinage by william h. Calvin, by analogy to a turing machine) is a machine that, like a turing machine, involves an iteration process that yields a high-quality result, but, whereas a turing machine uses logic, the darwin machine uses rounds of variation, selection, and inheritance. In its original connotation, a darwin machine is any process that bootstraps quality by utilizing all of the six essential features of a darwinian process: a pattern is copied with variations, where populations of one variant pattern compete with another population, their relative success biased by a multifaceted environment (natural selection) so that winners predominate in producing the further variants of the next generation (darwin’s inheritance principle).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7ymsa5n

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data mining.
Computer science conferences on data mining include: data mining topics are also present on many data management/database conferences such as the icde conference, sigmod conference and international conference on very large data bases there have been some efforts to define standards for the data mining process, for example, the 1999 european cross industry standard process for data mining (crisp-dm 1.0) and the 2004 java data mining standard (jdm 1.0). The related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7mozuro

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david ferrucci.
He is also the founder, ceo, and chief scientist of elemental cognition, a venture exploring a new field of study called natural learning, which ferrucci describes as ‘artificial intelligence that understands the world the way people do.’. David ferrucci was the principal investigator who in 2007–2011 led a team of ibm and academic researchers and engineers to the development of the watson computer system that won a television quiz.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y6ananvu

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decision support system.
A cooperative dss allows for an iterative process between human and system towards the achievement of a consolidated solution: the decision maker (or its advisor) can modify, complete, or refine the decision suggestions provided by the system, before sending them back to the system for validation, and likewise the system again improves, completes, and refines the suggestions of the decision maker and sends them back to them for validation. Both the university of vermont promis system (for medical decision making) and the carnegie mellon zog/kms system (for military and business decision making) were decision support systems which also were major breakthroughs in user interface research.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7dklsq3

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deep learning.
Deep learning architectures such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks, recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, audio recognition, social network filtering, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image analysis, material inspection and board game programs, where they have produced results comparable to and in some cases surpassing human expert performance. Most modern deep learning models are based on artificial neural networks, specifically, convolutional neural networks (cnn)s, although they can also include propositional formulas or latent variables organized layer-wise in deep generative models such as the nodes in deep belief networks and deep boltzmann machines.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n2vons3

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deepmind.
The company has created a neural network that learns how to play video games in a fashion similar to that of humans, as well as a neural turing machine, or a neural network that may be able to access an external memory like a conventional turing machine, resulting in a computer that mimics the short-term memory of the human brain. Additionally, in february 2018, deepmind announced it was working with the u.s. department of veterans affairs in an attempt to use machine learning to predict the onset of acute kidney injury in patients, and also more broadly the general deterioration of patients during a hospital stay so that doctors and nurses can more quickly treat patients in need.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hp87365

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dennis feltham jones.
His first novel, colossus (1966), about a defence super computer which uses its control over nuclear weapons to subjugate mankind, was made into the feature film colossus: the forbin project (1970). Dennis feltham jones obe, vrd (july 15, 1918 — april 1, 1981)) was a british science fiction author who published under the name d. F. Jones.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7nwgz2u

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description logic.
The more operators one includes in a logic and the more complicated the tbox (having cycles, allowing non-atomic concepts to include each other), usually the higher the computational complexity is for each of these problems (see description logic complexity navigator for examples). In addition to the ability to describe concepts formally, one also would like to employ the description of a set of concepts to ask questions about the concepts and instances described.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pzfa6m4

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destination: void.
Along with the crew of six, the ship carries thousands of other clones in hibernation, intended to populate the new colony and, if necessary, provide replacements for any crew members who die along the way. These clones are kept isolated and raised to believe that they will be the crew of a spaceship that will colonize a planet in the tau ceti solar system (tau ceti has no habitable planet; its choice — should they manage to reach it — is part of the planned frustration of the crew).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yabc3w8k

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developmental robotics.
Starting from the essential idea that learning and development happen as the self-organized result of the dynamical interactions among brains, bodies and their physical and social environment, and trying to understand how this self-organization can be harnessed to provide task-independent lifelong learning of skills of increasing complexity, developmental robotics strongly interacts with fields such as developmental psychology, developmental and cognitive neuroscience, developmental biology (embryology), evolutionary biology, and cognitive linguistics. There are several important families of these guiding mechanisms and constraints which are studied in developmental robotics, all inspired by human development: while most developmental robotics projects interact closely with theories of animal and human development, the degrees of similarities and inspiration between identified biological mechanisms and their counterpart in robots, as well as the abstraction levels of modeling, may vary a lot.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y937xay2

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differential evolution.
De optimizes a problem by maintaining a population of candidate solutions and creating new candidate solutions by combining existing ones according to its simple formulae, and then keeping whichever candidate solution has the best score or fitness on the optimization problem at hand. In this way the optimization problem is treated as a black box that merely provides a measure of quality given a candidate solution and the gradient is therefore not needed.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybm33ov2

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distributed artificial intelligence.
A first classification that is useful is to divide agents into: well-recognized agent architectures that describe how an agent is internally structured are: the challenges in distributed ai are: 1.how to carry out communication and interaction of agents and which communication language or protocols should be used. The objectives of distributed artificial intelligence are to solve the reasoning, planning, learning and perception problems of artificial intelligence, especially if they require large data, by distributing the problem to autonomous processing nodes (agents).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycfeejb6

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do androids dream of electric sheep?.
In a very real sense our environment is becoming alive, or at least quasi-alive, and in ways specifically and fundamentally analogous to ourselves…rather than learning about ourselves by studying our constructs, perhaps we should make the attempt to comprehend what our constructs are up to by looking into what we ourselves are up to in the novel, the android antagonists are indeed more human than [the] human protagonist, intentionally. Deckard suspects the test may not be capable of distinguishing the latest nexus-6 models from genuine human beings, and it appears to give a false positive on his host in seattle, rachael rosen, meaning the police have potentially been executing human beings.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/l8xfj49

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douglas hofstadter.
One of hofstadter’s columns in scientific american concerned the damaging effects of sexist language, and two chapters of his book metamagical themas are devoted to that topic, one of which is a biting analogy-based satire, “a person paper on purity in language” (1985), in which the reader’s presumed revulsion at racism and racist language is used as a lever to motivate an analogous revulsion at sexism and sexist language; hofstadter published it under the pseudonym william satire, an allusion to william safire. Le ton beau de marot: in praise of the music of language is a long book devoted to language and translation, especially poetry translation, and one of its leitmotifs is a set of 88 translations of “ma mignonne”, a highly constrained poem by 16th-century french poet clément marot.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/mnjfrx4

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dune.
Creative works set in the dune universe can be said to fall into five general time periods: as explained in dune, the butlerian jihad is a conflict taking place over 11,000 years in the future (and over 10,000 years before the events of dune) which results in the total destruction of virtually all forms of “computers, thinking machines, and conscious robots”. Beginning in 1999, his son brian herbert and science fiction author kevin j. Anderson published a number of prequel novels, as well as two which complete the original dune series (hunters of dune in 2006 and sandworms of dune in 2007), partially based on frank herbert’s notes discovered a decade after his death.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ovolyh3

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e-mail spam.
The amount of spam that users see in their mailboxes is only a portion of total spam sent, since spammers’ lists often contain a large percentage of invalid addresses and many spam filters simply delete or reject “obvious spam”. Not only may they receive irate email from spam victims, but (if spam victims report the email address owner to the isp, for example) a naive isp may terminate their service for spamming.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n94ag2w

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edward feigenbaum.
His hometown didn’t have a secondary school of its own and he chose weehawken high school for its college preparatory program. In his ph.d thesis, carried out under the supervision of herbert a. Simon, he developed epam, one of the first computer models of how people learn.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yakc6rrq

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electronic transactions on artificial intelligence.
Today the academy has about 470 swedish and 175 foreign members which are divided into ten “classes”, representing ten various scientific disciplines: the following persons have served as permanent secretaries of the academy: the transactions of the academy (vetenskapsakademiens handlingar) were published as its main series between 1739 and 1974. The academy maintains close relations with foreign academies, learned societies and international scientific organizations and also promotes international scientific cooperation.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8kbzr84

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embodied agent.
A familiar application of graphically embodied agents is computer games; embodied agents are ideal for this setting because the richer communication style makes interacting with the agent enjoyable. Embodied conversational agents are embodied agents (usually with a graphical front-end as opposed to a robotic body) that are capable of engaging in conversation with one another and with humans employing the same verbal and nonverbal means that humans do (such as gesture, facial expression, and so forth).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/njl3s8v

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embodied cognition.
Looking-time and reaching measures of embodied cognition may not represent embodied cognition since infants develop object permanence of objects they can see before they develop object permanence with objects they can touch. Some social psychologists examined embodied cognition and hypothesized that embodied cognition would be supported by embodied rapport.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/l8o5e2s

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embodied cognitive science.
Note that this strategy uses various affordances that are contingent upon the success of the outfielder, including their physical body composition, the environment of the baseball field, and the sensory information obtained by the outfielder. Embodied cognitive science is an alternative theory to cognition in which it minimizes appeals to computational theory of mind in favor of greater emphasis on how an organism’s body determines how and what it thinks.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y836mq7o

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epigenetic robotics.
Starting from the essential idea that learning and development happen as the self-organized result of the dynamical interactions among brains, bodies and their physical and social environment, and trying to understand how this self-organization can be harnessed to provide task-independent lifelong learning of skills of increasing complexity, developmental robotics strongly interacts with fields such as developmental psychology, developmental and cognitive neuroscience, developmental biology (embryology), evolutionary biology, and cognitive linguistics. There are several important families of these guiding mechanisms and constraints which are studied in developmental robotics, all inspired by human development: while most developmental robotics projects interact closely with theories of animal and human development, the degrees of similarities and inspiration between identified biological mechanisms and their counterpart in robots, as well as the abstraction levels of modeling, may vary a lot.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9ggzmc3

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erasmus.
The series chronicles the fictional butlerian jihad, a crusade by the last free humans in the universe against the thinking machines, a violent and dominating force led by the sentient computer omnius. The cymeks are former humans whose brains have been implanted in preservation canisters, which in turn can be installed into a variety of fearsome mechanical bodies, to extend their lives indefinitely and make them nearly unstoppable.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ya42kgwc

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ethics.
Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. The us navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qbf3fo3

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european coordinating committee for artificial intelligence.
The european association for artificial intelligence (eurai) (formerly european co-ordinating committee for artificial intelligence (eccai)) is the representative body for the european artificial intelligence community. According to the association, eurai fellows program was created in order to “recognise individuals who have made significant, sustained contributions to the field of artificial intelligence (ai) in europe.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybfltwqq

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european neural network society.
Specific areas of interest in this scientific field include modelling of behavioral and brain processes, development of neural algorithms and applying neural modelling concepts to problems relevant in many different domains. As a non-profit organization enns promotes scientific activities at european and at the national levels in cooperation with national organizations that focus on neural networks.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd4sbyx7

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evolutionary algorithms.
Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the fitness function determines the quality of the solutions (see also loss function). And gene expression programming successfully explores a genotype-phenotype system, where the genotype consists of linear multigenic chromosomes of fixed length and the phenotype consists of multiple expression trees or computer programs of different sizes and shapes.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qz87b6z

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evolutionary computation.
Broadly speaking, the field includes: evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation in that they generally only involve techniques implementing mechanisms inspired by biological evolution such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, natural selection and survival of the fittest. Evolutionary computation is also sometimes used in evolutionary biology as an in silico experimental procedure to study common aspects of general evolutionary processes.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/d6kn5cx

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evolutionary robotics.
An alternative to the use of evolutionary computation in robot learning is the use of other forms of reinforcement learning, such as q-learning, to learn the fitness of any particular action, and then use predicted fitness values indirectly to create a controller. The candidate controllers used in er applications may be drawn from some subset of the set of artificial neural networks, although some applications (including samuel, developed at the naval center for applied research in artificial intelligence) use collections of “if then else” rules as the constituent parts of an individual controller.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8km5vqg

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ex machina.
Steven rea, philadelphia inquirer film critic, gave the film 4 out of 4 stars, writing: “like stage actors who live and breathe their roles over the course of months, isaac, gleeson, and vikander excel, and cast a spell.” an ai commentator, azeem, has noted that although the film seemed to be about a robot who wanted to be human, it was actually a pessimistic story along the lines of nick bostrom’s warning of how difficult it will be to successfully control a strategizing artificial intelligence or know what it would do if free.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qhg6uzx

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existential risk.
One of the earliest authors to express serious concern that highly advanced machines might pose existential risks to humanity was the novelist samuel butler, who wrote the following in his 1863 essay darwin among the machines: the upshot is simply a question of time, but that the time will come when the machines will hold the real supremacy over the world and its inhabitants is what no person of a truly philosophic mind can for a moment question.in 1951, computer scientist alan turing wrote an article titled intelligent machinery, a heretical theory, in which he proposed that artificial general intelligences would likely “take control” of the world as they became more intelligent than human beings: let us now assume, for the sake of argument, that [intelligent] machines are a genuine possibility, and look at the consequences of constructing them… This is fictitious anthropomorphism: in reality, while an artificial intelligence could perhaps be deliberately programmed with human emotions, or could develop something similar to an emotion as a means to an ultimate goal if it is useful to do so, it would not spontaneously develop human emotions for no purpose whatsoever, as portrayed in fiction.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jaqzm2a

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expert system.
Many of the leading major business application suite vendors (such as sap, siebel, and oracle) integrated expert system abilities into their suite of products as a way of specifying business logic — rule engines are no longer simply for defining the rules an expert would use but for any type of complex, volatile, and critical business logic; they often go hand in hand with business process automation and integration environments. The key challenges that expert systems in medicine (if one considers computer-aided diagnostic systems as modern expert systems), and perhaps in other application domains, include issues related to aspects such as: big data, existing regulations, healthcare practice, various algorithmic issues, and system assessment.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nzl5wg7

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facebook ai research.
In 2017, facebook added “messenger day”, a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story-format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours; reactions, which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through an emoji; and mentions, which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification. Politifact has rated mccain’s statements “half-true”, on the basis that “in obama’s case, direct users knew they were handing over their data to a political campaign” whereas with cambridge analytica, users thought they were only taking a personality quiz for academic purposes, and while the obama campaign only used the data “to have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends”, cambridge analytica “targeted users, friends and lookalikes directly with digital ads.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/6lbcme9

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facial recognition systems.
Face recognition has been leveraged as a form of biometric authentication for various computing platforms and devices; android 4.0 “ice cream sandwich” added facial recognition using a smartphone’s front camera as a means of unlocking devices, while microsoft introduced face recognition login to its xbox 360 video game console through its kinect accessory, as well as windows 10 via its “windows hello” platform (which requires an infrared-illuminated camera). In 2018, a report by the civil liberties and rights campaigning organisation big brother watch revealed that two uk police forces, south wales police and the metropolitan police, were using live facial recognition at public events and in public spaces, in september 2019, south wales police use of facial recognition was ruled lawful.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y4sc5cp3

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fallout 4.
The game was a commercial and critical success, generating $750 million within the first 24 hours of its launch, and received numerous accolades from various gaming publications and award events, including the respective awards for game of the year and best game at the academy of interactive arts & sciences and british academy games awards. The game also received awards and nominations for role-playing game of the year with it winning the award from game critics and d.i.c.e.
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/p8s3sgd

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foundation.
He informs the committee that an alternative to this future is attainable, and explains to them that creating a compendium of all human knowledge, the encyclopedia galactica, would not avert the inevitable fall of the empire but would reduce the dark age to one millennium. When one of his allies, horrified, asks why mallow is not building towards a future empire mallow replies it was only his job to stop the current crisis and history would take care of the ones to come.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8zhene2

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frame.
One particular strength of frame based knowledge representations is that, unlike semantic networks, they allow for exceptions in particular instances. Following the rules of inheritance, any value given to a slot that is inherited by subframes will be updated (if-added) to the corresponding slots in the subframes and any new instances of a particular frame will feature that new value as the default.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc2ubmsn

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frank herbert.
Dune and the dune saga constitute one of the world’s best-selling science fiction series and novels; dune in particular has received widespread critical acclaim, winning the nebula award in 1965 and sharing the hugo award in 1966, and is frequently considered one of the best science fiction novels ever, if not the best. Dune took six years of research and writing to complete and it was much longer than commercial science fiction of the time was supposed to be.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9zpw6k9

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friendly ai.
A friendly artificial intelligence (also friendly ai or fai) is a hypothetical artificial general intelligence (agi) that would have a positive (benign) effect on humanity. Rather than a friendly ai being designed directly by human programmers, it is to be designed by a “seed ai” programmed to first study human nature and then produce the ai which humanity would want, given sufficient time and insight, to arrive at a satisfactory answer.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n39l6au

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functionalism.
Previous attempts to answer the mind-body problem have all tried to resolve it by answering both questions: dualism says there are two substances and that mental states are characterized by their immateriality; behaviorism claimed that there was one substance and that mental states were behavioral disposition; physicalism asserted the existence of just one substance and characterized the mental states as physical states (as in “pain = c-fiber firings”). Thus, unlike standard versions of functionalism (often called functional state identity theories), fsts do not allow for the multiple realizability of mental states, because the fact that mental states are realized by brain states is essential.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybqu8r9h

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future of humanity institute.
In expecting the largest risks to stem from future technologies, and from advanced artificial intelligence in particular, fhi agrees with other existential risk reduction organizations, such as the centre for the study of existential risk and the machine intelligence research institute. That filter may lie in the past, if intelligence is much rarer than current biology would predict; or it may lie in the future, if existential risks are even larger than is currently recognized.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oveu5tw

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future of life institute.
Coordinates: 42°22′25″n 71°06′35″w / 42.3736158°n 71.1097335°w / 42.3736158; -71.1097335 the future of life institute (fli) is a non-profit research institute and outreach organization in the boston area that works to mitigate existential risks facing humanity, particularly existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence (ai). The institute’s 14-person scientific advisory board comprises 12 men and 2 women, and includes computer scientists stuart j. Russell and francesca rossi, biologist george church, cosmologist saul perlmutter, astrophysicist sandra faber, theoretical physicist frank wilczek, entrepreneur elon musk, and actors and science communicators alan alda and morgan freeman (as well as cosmologist stephen hawking prior to his death in 2018).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zj6fhgq

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futureworld.
Lazarus had trouble finding production and distribution for the film elsewhere, because other studios were confused and wary after mgm passed on it, especially since the original film had been a financial success for mgm. Lazarus admits the film “wasn’t a very good picture” but put its poor commercial performance down to the fact that aip were focusing on their prestige film a matter of time (1976).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hgc5jx2

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fuzzy systems.
Consider implementing with a microcontroller chip a simple feedback controller: a fuzzy set is defined for the input error variable “e”, and the derived change in error, “delta”, as well as the “output”, as follows: if the error ranges from -1 to +1, with the analog-to-digital converter used having a resolution of 0.25, then the input variable’s fuzzy set (which, in this case, also applies to the output variable) can be described very simply as a table, with the error / delta / output values in the top row and the truth values for each membership function arranged in rows beneath: suppose this fuzzy system has the following rule base: these rules are typical for control applications in that the antecedents consist of the logical combination of the error and error-delta signals, while the consequent is a control command output. A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic — a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true or false, respectively).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydhgm47h

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game artificial intelligence.
The term “game ai” is used to refer to a broad set of algorithms that also include techniques from control theory, robotics, computer graphics and computer science in general, and so video game ai may often not constitute “true ai” in that such techniques do not necessarily facilitate computer learning or other standard criteria, only constituting “automated computation” or a predetermined and limited set of responses to a predetermined and limited set of inputs. Game developers’ increasing awareness of academic ai and a growing interest in computer games by the academic community is causing the definition of what counts as ai in a game to become less idiosyncratic.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yczpq5ll

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game theory.
Topics collective intelligence collective action self-organized criticality herd mentality phase transition agent-based modelling synchronization ant colony optimization particle swarm optimization swarm behavior social network analysis small-world networks community identification centrality motifs graph theory scaling robustness systems biology dynamic networks evolutionary computation genetic algorithms genetic programming artificial life machine learning evolutionary developmental biology artificial intelligence evolutionary robotics reaction–diffusion systems partial differential equations dissipative structures percolation cellular automata spatial ecology self-replication spatial evolutionary biology operationalization feedback self-reference goal-oriented system dynamics sensemaking entropy cybernetics autopoiesis information theory computation theory ordinary differential equations iterative maps phase space attractors stability analysis population dynamics chaos multistability bifurcation rational choice theory bounded rationality irrational behavior game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interaction among rational decision-makers. As non-cooperative game theory is more general, cooperative games can be analyzed through the approach of non-cooperative game theory (the converse does not hold) provided that sufficient assumptions are made to encompass all the possible strategies available to players due to the possibility of external enforcement of cooperation.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/85qdcs4

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general game playing.
Other general game playing software include: gvgp could potentially be used to create real video game ai automatically, as well as “to test game environments, including those created automatically using procedural content generation and to find potential loopholes in the gameplay that a human player could exploit”. This system was able to play a number of chess-like games, given game rules definition in a special language called game description language, without any human interaction once the games were generated.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/kzcyxry

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general video game playing.
Other general game playing software include: gvgp could potentially be used to create real video game ai automatically, as well as “to test game environments, including those created automatically using procedural content generation and to find potential loopholes in the gameplay that a human player could exploit”. This system was able to play a number of chess-like games, given game rules definition in a special language called game description language, without any human interaction once the games were generated.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9d5uj9b

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genetic algorithm.
Examples of problems solved by genetic algorithms include: mirrors designed to funnel sunlight to a solar collector, antennae designed to pick up radio signals in space, walking methods for computer figures, optimal design of aerodynamic bodies in complex flowfields in his algorithm design manual, skiena advises against genetic algorithms for any task: [i]t is quite unnatural to model applications in terms of genetic operators like mutation and crossover on bit strings. As a general rule of thumb genetic algorithms might be useful in problem domains that have a complex fitness landscape as mixing, i.e., mutation in combination with crossover, is designed to move the population away from local optima that a traditional hill climbing algorithm might get stuck in.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pkn33fb

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geoffrey hinton.
To be achieved for decades (“no sooner than 2070”), and that, in the context of a dichotomy earlier introduced by bostrom between people who think managing existential risk from artificial intelligence is probably hopeless versus easy enough that it will be solved automatically, hinton “[is] in the camp that is hopeless.” He has stated, “i think political systems will use it to terrorize people” and has expressed his belief that agencies like the national security agency (nsa) are already attempting to abuse similar technology. [citation needed] in 2016, he was elected a foreign member of national academy of engineering “for contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pfsa3l3

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ghost in the shell.
It was released as a series of four original video animation (ova) episodes (with limited theatrical releases) from 2013 to 2014, then recompiled as a 10-episode television series under the title of kōkaku kidōtai: arise — alternative architecture. In addition to the anime, a series of published books, two separate manga adaptations, and several video games for consoles and mobile phones have been released for stand alone complex.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7u9vk7q

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good old fashioned ai.
Opponents of the symbolic approach include roboticists such as rodney brooks, who aims to produce autonomous robots without symbolic representation (or with only minimal representation) and computational intelligence researchers, who apply techniques such as neural networks and optimization to solve problems in machine learning and control engineering. Symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level “symbolic” (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydyccsl9

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google.
Google’s market dominance has led to prominent media coverage, including criticism of the company over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance, search neutrality, copyright, censorship of search results and content, and privacy. In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, google uses technology from the company doubleclick, to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/3m4b8mp

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google assistant.
For instance, in the crystal ball game the voice would speak slow and soft during the intro and before the answer is revealed to make the game more excitable and in the lucky trivia game the voice would become excitable like a game show host. In february 2017, google announced that users of google home would be able to shop entirely by voice for products through its google express shopping service, with products available from whole foods market, costco, walgreens, petsmart, and bed bath & beyond at launch, and other retailers added in the following months as new partnerships were formed.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8nu29z9

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google brain.
Indeed, this study allowed for concluding that it is possible for ais to devise their own encryption system without having any cryptographic algorithms prescribed beforehand, which would reveal a breakthrough for message encryption in the futurereveal a breakthrough for message encryption in the future[clarification needed]. Ng had been interested in using deep learning techniques to crack the problem of artificial intelligence since 2006, and in 2011 began collaborating with dean and corrado to build a large-scale deep learning software system, distbelief, on top of google’s cloud computing infrastructure.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb9umsza

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google deepmind.
The company has created a neural network that learns how to play video games in a fashion similar to that of humans, as well as a neural turing machine, or a neural network that may be able to access an external memory like a conventional turing machine, resulting in a computer that mimics the short-term memory of the human brain. Additionally, in february 2018, deepmind announced it was working with the u.s. department of veterans affairs in an attempt to use machine learning to predict the onset of acute kidney injury in patients, and also more broadly the general deterioration of patients during a hospital stay so that doctors and nurses can more quickly treat patients in need.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jr2w7jt

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google now.
On january 16, 2014, an alpha version of the google now was made available on desktop through the google chrome canary release although this app lacks some of the cards available on mobile version of google now such as public alerts, nearby photos, activity summary and stocks. On december 5, 2012, an update to the google search application brought several new features to google now, including cards for nearby events, searching by camera when at a museum or shop, airplane boarding passes found from e-mail (united airlines in the first instance, more airlines followed).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ba87e2j

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google x.
In 2013, x acquired makani power, a us company which develops tethered wings/kites with mounted wind turbines for low cost renewable energy generation. Project loon was a project of x that aims to bring internet access to everyone by creating an internet network of balloons flying through the stratosphere.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hqeqn8b

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grammar systems theory.
Each grammar in a grammar system can also work on its own string and communicate with other grammars in a system by sending their sequential forms on request. Grammar systems theory is a field of theoretical computer science that studies systems of finite collections of formal grammars generating a formal language.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9uxurtm

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greg egan.
Greg egan (born 20 august 1961) is an australian science fiction writer and amateur mathematician, best known for his works of hard science fiction. Egan does not attend science fiction conventions, does not sign books, and has stated that he appears in no photographs on the web, though both sf fan sites and google search have at times mistakenly represented photos of other people with the same name as those of the writer.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/bmsxbjl

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hal 9000.
Also, in the film the leonov crew initially lies to hal about the dangers that he faced (suspecting that if he knew he would be destroyed he would not initiate the engine burn necessary to get the leonov back home), whereas in the novel he is told at the outset. First appearing in the 1968 film 2001: a space odyssey, hal (heuristically programmed algorithmic computer) is a sentient computer (or artificial general intelligence) that controls the systems of the discovery one spacecraft and interacts with the ship’s astronaut crew.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/cup4xc8

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halo.
For the first time, the game was released in two different editions: a standard edition with just the game disc and traditional xbox packaging; and the collector’s edition with a specially designed aluminum case, along with an additional bonus dvd, extra booklet, and slightly different user manual. The game was initially intended to be released for windows and mac os, until microsoft’s purchase of bungie in 2000 led to the game becoming an xbox launch title and delaying any release for personal computers for 2 years.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ooybpxk

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handwriting recognition.
The biggest conferences for handwriting recognition are the international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition (icfhr), held in even-numbered years, and the international conference on document analysis and recognition (icdar), held in odd-numbered years. Advancements in electronics allowed the computing power necessary for handwriting recognition to fit into a smaller form factor than tablet computers, and handwriting recognition is often used as an input method for hand-held pdas.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zlr9np2

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harlan ellison.
Ellison won eight hugo awards, a shared award for the screenplay of a boy and his dog that he counted as “half a hugo”, and two special awards from annual world sf conventions; four nebula awards of the science fiction and fantasy writers of america (sfwa); five bram stoker awards of the horror writers association (hwa); two edgar awards of the mystery writers of america; two world fantasy awards from annual conventions; and two georges méliès fantasy film awards. During this period, ellison was an active and visible member of science fiction fandom, and published his own science fiction fanzines, such as dimensions (which had previously been the bulletin of the cleveland science fantasy society for the cleveland science fantasy society, and later science fantasy bulletin. )
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qztk9et

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her.
Her also won best film and best director for jonze at the national board of review awards, and the american film institute included the film in its list of the top ten films of 2013. Unofficial track listing her was chosen as the closing film of the 2013 new york film festival, and had its world premiere on october 12, 2013.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ohbqh7e

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herbert a. Simon.
The instructional task is not to “kill” motivation by demanding drill, but to find tasks that provide practice while at the same time sustaining interest.he received many top-level honors in life, including becoming a fellow of the american academy of arts and sciences in 1959; election as a member of the national academy of sciences in 1967; apa award for distinguished scientific contributions to psychology (1969); the acm’s turing award for making “basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing” (1975); the nobel memorial prize in economics “for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations” (1978); the national medal of science (1986); the apa’s award for outstanding lifetime contributions to psychology (1993); acm fellow (1994); and ijcai award for research excellence (1995). Because of this, his work can be found in a number of economic literary works, making contributions to areas such as mathematical economics including theorem, human rationality, behavioral study of firms, theory of casual ordering, and the analysis of the parameter identification problem in econometrics.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/anekk8c

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hidden markov model.
Hmm stipulates that, for each time instance n 0 {\displaystyle n_{0}} , the conditional probability distribution of y n 0 {\displaystyle y_{n_{0}}} given the history { x n = x n } n ≤ n 0 {\displaystyle \{x_{n}=x_{n}\}_{n\leq n_{0}}} must not depend on { x n } n < n 0 {\displaystyle \{x_{n}\}_{n<n_{0}}} . This means that for each of the n possible states that a hidden variable at time t can be in, there is a transition probability from this state to each of the n possible states of the hidden variable at time t + 1 {\displaystyle t+1} , for a total of n 2 {\displaystyle n^{2}} transition probabilities.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/q5cjrhk

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hierarchical control system.
Nist built on earlier research to develop its real-time control system (rcs) and real-time control system software which is a generic hierarchical control system that has been used to operate a manufacturing cell, a robot crane, and an automated vehicle. A hierarchical control system (hcs) is a form of control system in which a set of devices and governing software is arranged in a hierarchical tree.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8lts58t

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history.
Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that responds in a manner similar to human intelligence. When access to digital computers became possible in the middle fifties, a few scientists instinctively recognized that a machine that could manipulate numbers could also manipulate symbols and that the manipulation of symbols could well be the essence of human thought.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pgshswq

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history of machine learning.
Machine learning and data mining often employ the same methods and overlap significantly, but while machine learning focuses on prediction, based on known properties learned from the training data, data mining focuses on the discovery of (previously) unknown properties in the data (this is the analysis step of knowledge discovery in databases). Data mining uses many machine learning methods, but with different goals; on the other hand, machine learning also employs data mining methods as “unsupervised learning” or as a preprocessing step to improve learner accuracy.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybtsheys

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history of machine translation.
Omniscien technologies (formerly asia online),[citation needed] sdl / language weaver (sells translation products and services),[citation needed] google (uses its proprietary statistical mt system for some language combinations in google’s language tools), microsoft (uses its proprietary statistical mt system to translate knowledge base articles),[citation needed] and ta with you (offers a domain-adapted machine translation solution based on statistical mt with some linguistic knowledge). The report concluded that machine translation was more expensive, less accurate and slower than human translation, and that despite the expenditures, machine translation was not likely to reach the quality of a human translator in the near future.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycv59g2l

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history of natural language processing.
Little further research in machine translation was conducted until the late 1980s, when the first statistical machine translation systems were developed. The history of natural language processing describes the advances of natural language processing (outline of natural language processing).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y88rc6w3

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history of optical character recognition.
Optical character recognition or optical character reader (ocr) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example: from a television broadcast). Widely used as a form of data entry from printed paper data records — whether passport documents, invoices, bank statements, computerized receipts, business cards, mail, printouts of static-data, or any suitable documentation — it is a common method of digitizing printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line, and used in machine processes such as cognitive computing, machine translation, (extracted) text-to-speech, key data and text mining.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybvj3rbq

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hive mind.
A hive mind describes a group mind in which the linked individuals have no identity or free will and are possessed or mind-controlled as extensions of the hive mind. [citation needed] a group mind that is not a hive mind: the individuals retain their identities and free will, and can join or sever from the group mind of their own volition.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y98dhsmv

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holly.
He often plays practical jokes on the crew, such as fooling lister into thinking that norweb federation space fighters were after him and wanted £180 billion in arrears for leaving his bathroom light on three million years ago, as well as wanting to arrest him for “crimes against humanity” as he had left some mouldy german sausages alone in his apartment for three million years and now the mould covered 7/8 of the earth’s surface. In series vii–viii, the upgraded male version of holly appears to be around 60 years old with receding grey hair and a bald patch.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ahvk9y

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hugo de garis.
He relates a morally isomorphic scenario in which extraterrestrial intelligences visit the earth three billion years ago and discover two domains of life living there, one domain which is older but simpler and contemporarily dominant, but which upon closer study appears to be incapable of much further evolutionary development; and one younger domain which is struggling to survive, but which upon further study displays the potential to evolve into all the varieties of life existing on the earth today, including humanity, and then queries the reader as to whether they would feel ethically compelled to destroy the dominant domain of life to ensure the survival of the younger one, or to destroy the younger one in order to ensure the survival of the older and more populous domain which was “there first”. He elaborates towards the end of the book that the more he thinks about it, the more he feels like a cosmist, because he feels that despite the horrible possibility that humanity might ultimately be destroyed, perhaps inadvertently or at least indifferently, by the artilects, he cannot ignore the fact that the human species is just another link in the evolutionary chain, and must become extinct in their current form anyway, whereas the artilects could very well be the next link in that chain and therefore would be excellent candidates to carry the torch of science and exploration forward into the rest of the universe.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/kmdz3rd

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human brain project.
The human brain project (hbp) is a large ten-year scientific research project, based on exascale supercomputers, that aims to build a collaborative ict-based scientific research infrastructure to allow researchers across europe to advance knowledge in the fields of neuroscience, computing, and brain-related medicine. Peter dayan, director of computational neuroscience at university college london, argued that the goal of a large-scale simulation of the brain is radically premature, and geoffrey hinton said that “the real problem with that project is they have no clue how to get a large system like that to learn”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/l4rpqd6

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human enhancement.
In his essay “mapping human enhancement rhetoric”, thayer (2014) states that the growth of human enhancement technology (het) means a corresponding growth in the discourse of het, so he suggests inventing a new classification called human enhancement rhetoric (her). Advocacy of the case for human enhancement is increasingly becoming synonymous with “transhumanism”, a controversial ideology and movement which has emerged to support the recognition and protection of the right of citizens to either maintain or modify their own minds and bodies; so as to guarantee them the freedom of choice and informed consent of using human enhancement technologies on themselves and their children.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qxu8lrs

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hybrid intelligent system.
Hybrid intelligent system denotes a software system which employs, in parallel, a combination of methods and techniques from artificial intelligence subfields such as: from the cognitive science perspective, every natural intelligent system is hybrid because it performs mental operations on both the symbolic and subsymbolic levels. Based on notions that there have already been created simple and specific ai systems (such as systems for computer vision, speech synthesis, etc., or software that employs some of the models mentioned above) and now is the time for integration to create broad ai systems.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y2wgydcp

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hybrid neural network.
For the digital variant voltage clamps are used to monitor the membrane potential of neurons, to computationally simulate artificial neurons and synapses and to stimulate biological neurons by inducing synaptic. The term hybrid neural network can have two meanings: as for the first meaning, the artificial neurons and synapses in hybrid networks can be digital or analog.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7dhm2x3

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i have no mouth, and i must scream.
The talkfields in many of the early publications were corrupted, up until the preface of the chapter containing “i have no mouth, and i must scream” in the first edition of the essential ellison (1991); ellison states that in that particular edition, “for the first time anywhere, am’s ‘talkfields’ appear correctly positioned, not garbled or inverted or mirror-imaged as in all other versions.” ellison finished writing the story in a single night of 1966 without making any changes from the first draft.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/bvrpfjg

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ibm.
That same year, it was also ranked the top company for leaders (fortune), the number two green company in the u.s. (newsweek), the second-most respected company (barron’s), the fifth-most admired company (fortune), the 18th-most innovative company (fast company), and the number one in technology consulting and number two in outsourcing (vault). In 2005 the company sold its personal computer business to chinese technology company lenovo and, in 2009, it acquired software company spss inc. Later in 2009, ibm’s blue gene supercomputing program was awarded the national medal of technology and innovation by u.s. president barack obama.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/bu472zo

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ibm watson group.
To aid physicians in the treatment of their patients, once a physician has posed a query to the system describing symptoms and other related factors, watson first parses the input to identify the most important pieces of information; then mines patient data to find facts relevant to the patient’s medical and hereditary history; then examines available data sources to form and test hypotheses; and finally provides a list of individualized, confidence-scored recommendations. Physicians at columbia university would help to identify critical issues in the practice of medicine where the system’s technology may be able to contribute, and physicians at the university of maryland would work to identify the best way that a technology like watson could interact with medical practitioners to provide the maximum assistance.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9o8wbft

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ieee intelligent systems.
The journal was established in 1986 as the quarterly ieee expert, changed to a bimonthly in 1990, changed its name to ieee intelligent systems & their applications in 1997 (already in 1996, the journal’s title had become ieee expert — intelligent systems & their applications with a marked emphasis put on the text intelligent systems). According to the journal citation reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.596.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycqem48a

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ieee transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence.
It covers research in computer vision and image understanding, pattern analysis and recognition, machine intelligence, machine learning, search techniques, document and handwriting analysis, medical image analysis, video and image sequence analysis, content-based retrieval of image and video, and face and gesture recognition. Ieee transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the ieee computer society.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybbe6rrx

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ilabs.
In 1984 the ilabs department of artificial intelligence created the first italian data-base, sistema i, the first of a series of projects in computer science: the department of psychoneurophysiology was one of the first institution in the country promoting the field through innovative proposals in psychology, stress management and bio-statistics: the department started focusing on psycho-oncology in 2000, with hundreds of subjects successfully treated since then. Imed is now being expanded to include other simple and inexpensive test to improve the estimator accuracy: the hope is to develop an easy-to-use and reliable method to objectively assess the health status of any subject given the attention ilabs has always been putting on ethical aspects of the technological developments, it is not surprising that many activities are focused on forecasting social changes and planning new scenarios for justice, economy, education.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9j474j2

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iain m. Banks.
Though he considered himself primarily a science fiction author, his lack of success at being published as such led him to pursue mainstream fiction, resulting in his first published novel the wasp factory, which was published in 1984 when he was thirty. His first published science fiction book consider phlebas was released in 1987 and was the first of several novels of the acclaimed culture series.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ocwmkpn

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image processing.
Digital cameras generally include specialized digital image processing hardware — either dedicated chips or added circuitry on other chips — to convert the raw data from their image sensor into a color-corrected image in a standard image file format. In particular, digital image processing is a concrete application of, and a practical technology based on: some techniques which are used in digital image processing include: digital filters are used to blur and sharpen digital images.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb3nzhf9

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image retrieval.
It is crucial to understand the scope and nature of image data in order to determine the complexity of image search system design. An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yats6u8h

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informatics (academic field).
The 2008 research assessment exercise, of the uk funding councils, includes a new, computer science and informatics, unit of assessment (uoa), whose scope is described as follows: academic research in the informatics area can be found in a number of disciplines such as computer science, information technology, information and computer science, information systems, business information management and health informatics. Informatics is presented in a generalist framework, as evidenced by their definition of informatics (“using technology and data analytics to derive meaningful information from data for data and decision driven practice in user centered systems”), though twu is also known for its nursing and health informatics programs.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybex2v8u

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information extraction.
Information extraction (ie), information retrieval (ir) is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured machine-readable documents and other electronically represented sources. Applying information extraction to text is linked to the problem of text simplification in order to create a structured view of the information present in free text.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y3yzrhsr

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information retrieval.
Information retrieval (ir) is the activity of obtaining information system resources that are relevant to an information need from a collection of those resources. Information retrieval is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images or sounds.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qb84zeo

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intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (or ai) is both the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it, through “the study and design of intelligent agents” or “rational agents”, where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success. Comparing intelligence between literate humans and illiterate animals), and also operationalizing a measure that accurately compares mental ability across different species and contexts.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7cyjwa7

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intelligence explosion.
In one of the first uses of the term “singularity” in the context of technological progress, stanislaw ulam tells of a conversation with john von neumann about accelerating change: one conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue. If a superhuman intelligence were to be invented — either through the amplification of human intelligence or through artificial intelligence — it would bring to bear greater problem-solving and inventive skills than current humans are capable of.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/h6hanw2

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intelligent agent.
According to nikola kasabov ia systems should exhibit the following characteristics: a simple agent program can be defined mathematically as a function f (called the “agent function”) which maps every possible percepts sequence to a possible action the agent can perform or to a coefficient, feedback element, function or constant that affects eventual actions: agent function is an abstract concept as it could incorporate various principles of decision making like calculation of utility of individual options, deduction over logic rules, fuzzy logic, etc. Intelligent agents in artificial intelligence are closely related to agents in economics, and versions of the intelligent agent paradigm are studied in cognitive science, ethics, the philosophy of practical reason, as well as in many interdisciplinary socio-cognitive modeling and computer social simulations.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oc75l67

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intelligent control.
Intelligent control is a class of control techniques that use various artificial intelligence computing approaches like neural networks, bayesian probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, reinforcement learning, evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms. Intelligent control can be divided into the following major sub-domains: new control techniques are created continuously as new models of intelligent behavior are created and computational methods developed to support them.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yapyyru2

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intelligent personal assistant.
Virtual assistants work via: some virtual assistants are accessible via multiple methods, such as google assistant via chat on the google allo and google messages app and via voice on google home smart speakers. In addition to unintentional actions and voice recording, another security and privacy risk associated with intelligent virtual assistants is malicious voice commands: an attacker who impersonates a user and issues malicious voice commands to, for example, unlock a smart door to gain unauthorized entry to a home or garage or order items online without the user’s knowledge.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/d6r75u5

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intelligent word recognition.
Iwr is not meant to replace icr and ocr engines which work well with printed data; however, iwr reduces the number of character errors associated with these engines, and it is ideal for processing real-world documents that contain mostly freeform, hard-to-recognize data, inherently unsuitable for them. Iwr technology matches handwritten or printed words to a user-defined dictionary, significantly reducing character errors encountered in typical character-based recognition engines.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb4y5mxl

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international joint conferences on artificial intelligence.
For instance, only 17% of the papers submitted to the conference were accepted in 2011, and in previous years never more than 26%. The international joint conference on artificial intelligence (ijcai) is a gathering of artificial intelligence researchers and practitioners.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7je68hp

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intrinsic motivation.
Exploration in artificial intelligence and robotics has been extensively studied in reinforcement learning models, usually by encouraging the agent to explore as much of the environment as possible, to reduce uncertainty about the dynamics of the environment (learning the transition function) and how best to achieve its goals (learning the reward function). Intrinsic motivation in the study of artificial intelligence and robotics is a mechanism for enabling artificial agents (including robots) to exhibit inherently rewarding behaviors such as exploration and curiosity, grouped under the same term in the study of psychology.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8l535ly

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investment counselor.
The if tries to get him to go to battle school, but john paul is only interested in trying to get his family out of poland so that they can have a better life and he can get a good education. First being annoyed at having to take a class being taught by a graduate student, john paul soon changes his mind as theresa brown leads the class through a provocative debate about communities, war, and population laws.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8xjybxp

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isaac asimov.
He also wrote hundreds of short stories, including the social science fiction novelette “nightfall”, which in 1964 was voted the best short science fiction story of all time by the science fiction writers of america. In 1968, the science fiction writers of america voted “nightfall” the best science fiction short story ever written.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/6mermop

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jane.
This bridge was meant to be a connection between ender, whose philotic web they did not understand, and a structure whose philotic web they did understand; for this baseline, they chose the fantasy game, since ender was so deeply focused upon it and since its structure was sufficiently orderly. The congress completes the shutdown of all universal ansible connections, forcing jane’s “aiúa” (the term jane uses to describe the entity of life which all living things have) to seek refuge amongst the philotic web of the pequenino mother-trees.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycxdpmcj

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john mccarthy.
In 1961, he was perhaps the first to suggest publicly the idea of utility computing, in a speech given to celebrate mit’s centennial: that computer time-sharing technology might result in a future in which computing power and even specific applications could be sold through the utility business model (like water or electricity). In 1966, mccarthy and his team at stanford wrote a computer program used to play a series of chess games with counterparts in the soviet union; mccarthy’s team lost two games and drew two games (see kotok-mccarthy).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/689hrnl

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john mccarthy’s frequently asked questions about ai.
Extinguished philosophies lie about the cradle of every science as the strangled snakes beside that of hercules. — adapted from t. H. Huxley john mccarthycomputer science department janfebmaraprmayjun julaugsepoctnovdec , :< 10 0 stanford university
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybho3479

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john von neumann.
The field of quantum logic was subsequently inaugurated, in a famous paper of 1936 by von neumann and garrett birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, wherein von neumann and birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. Decades later, shannon developed an information-theoretic formula for use in classical information theory, and asked von neumann what to call it, with von neumman telling him to call it shannon entropy, as it was a special case of von neumann entropy.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n3twca7

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judea pearl.
Judea pearl (born september 4, 1936) is an israeli-american computer scientist and philosopher, best known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of bayesian networks (see the article on belief propagation). In 2011, the association for computing machinery awarded pearl with the turing award, the highest distinction in computer science, “for fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydfdn7k5

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keymaker.
Two electric power stations must both be shut down in order to disable the alarm system, after which neo will have only a short time to reach the source before the building is destroyed by explosives; in addition, if the door is opened while the alarm is still active, the explosives will detonate. Following the escape, the keymaker meets with three crews of zion rebels to describe the security measures in place around the building which houses the door that leads to the source.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ngtsyn

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kinect.
Purchase options for the sensor peripheral include a bundle with the game kinect adventures, and as a hardware bundle with kinect adventures and the redesigned xbox 360 s console with either a 4 gb or 250 gb the kinect sensor was typical a gloss-black; a star wars bundle for the xbox 360 was released on july 21, 2011 which include the first all-white kinect unit to match with the themed-console along with the games kinect adventures and kinect star wars. The technology includes a set of hardware originally developed by primesense, incorporating rgb cameras, infrared projectors and detectors that mapped depth through either structured light or time of flight calculations, and a microphone array, along with software and artificial intelligence from microsoft to allow the device to perform real-time gesture recognition, speech recognition and body skeletal detection for up to four people, among other capabilities.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/poq3wmt

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knowledge engineering and machine learning group.
Specific research efforts are undertaken in analysis and development of intelligent agents, understanding of coalition setting dynamics, social structure dynamics analysis, formal model construction for norms and conventions for e-commerce, information flow process design, temporal episode-based reasoning, experience-based argumentation techniques, hybrid methods in statistics and artificial intelligence, belief or bayesian networks, case-based reasoning, knowledge-based systems, supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques, knowledge model identification and knowledge model building, knowledge representation, ontologies, social networks, semantic web, web services, and directory service study. The main goal of this research group is the analysis, design, implementation and application of several artificial intelligence techniques, to support the operation or behavior analysis of real-world complex systems or domains.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yck4x2l5

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knowledge management.
A second proposed framework for categorizing knowledge dimensions distinguishes embedded knowledge of a system outside a human individual (e.g., an information system may have knowledge embedded into its design) from embodied knowledge representing a learned capability of a human body’s nervous and endocrine systems. Early research suggested that km needs to convert internalized tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge to share it, and the same effort must permit individuals to internalize and make personally meaningful any codified knowledge retrieved from the km effort.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/p5273qw

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knowledge reasoning.
The starting point for knowledge representation is the knowledge representation hypothesis first formalized by brian c. Smith in 1985: any mechanically embodied intelligent process will be comprised of structural ingredients that a) we as external observers naturally take to represent a propositional account of the knowledge that the overall process exhibits, and b) independent of such external semantic attribution, play a formal but causal and essential role in engendering the behavior that manifests that knowledge. Currently one of the most active areas of knowledge representation research are projects associated with the semantic web. Expert systems gave us the terminology still in use today where ai systems are divided into a knowledge base with facts about the world and rules and an inference engine that applies the rules to the knowledge base in order to answer questions and solve problems.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/onchx6z

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knowledge representation.
The starting point for knowledge representation is the knowledge representation hypothesis first formalized by brian c. Smith in 1985: any mechanically embodied intelligent process will be comprised of structural ingredients that a) we as external observers naturally take to represent a propositional account of the knowledge that the overall process exhibits, and b) independent of such external semantic attribution, play a formal but causal and essential role in engendering the behavior that manifests that knowledge. Currently one of the most active areas of knowledge representation research are projects associated with the semantic web. Expert systems gave us the terminology still in use today where ai systems are divided into a knowledge base with facts about the world and rules and an inference engine that applies the rules to the knowledge base in order to answer questions and solve problems.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pp3jcrl

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lida (cognitive architecture).
Two hypotheses underlie the lida architecture and its corresponding conceptual model: 1) much of human cognition functions by means of frequently iterated (~10 hz) interactions, called cognitive cycles, between conscious contents, the various memory systems and action selection. The lida (learning intelligent distribution agent) cognitive architecture is an integrated artificial cognitive system that attempts to model a broad spectrum of cognition in biological systems, from low-level perception/action to high-level reasoning.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yan3dxzt

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language identification.
In natural language processing, language identification or language guessing is the problem of determining which natural language given content is in. Recently, the dsl shared task has been organized providing a dataset (tan et al., 2014) containing 13 different languages (and language varieties) in six language groups: group a (bosnian, croatian, serbian), group b (indonesian, malaysian), group c (czech, slovak), group d (brazilian portuguese, european portuguese), group e (peninsular spain, argentine spanish), group f (american english, british english).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybames65

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larry page.
The company cited nec research institute data in its june 26 press release, stating that “there are more than 1 billion web pages online today”, with google “providing access to 560 million full-text indexed web pages and 500 million partially indexed urls.” to convert the backlink data gathered by backrub’s web crawler into a measure of importance for a given web page, brin and page developed the pagerank algorithm, and realized that it could be used to build a search engine far superior to existing ones.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7yuvjhy

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lethal autonomous weapon.
Laws are also called lethal autonomous weapon systems (laws), lethal autonomous robots (lar), autonomous weapon systems (aws), robotic weapons, killer robots or slaughterbots. However, the policy requires that autonomous weapon systems that kill people or use kinetic force, selecting and engaging targets without further human intervention, be certified as compliant with “appropriate levels” and other standards, not that such weapon systems cannot meet these standards and are therefore forbidden.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7ml9l3d

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list of emerging technologies.
Emerging technologies are those technical innovations that represent progressive innovations within a field for competitive advantage. Emerging technologies typically go through the following sequential stages:
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nfpce8r

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list of important publications in computer science.
Description: this paper introduced system f and created the modern notion of parametric polymorphism description: this paper introduce hoare logic, which forms the foundation of program verification description: conference of leading people in software field c. 1968 the paper defined the field of software engineering description: a description of the system that originated the (now dominant) gui programming paradigm of model–view–controller description: don’t use goto — the beginning of structured programming. Description: this paper introduced lisp, the first functional programming language, which was used heavily in many areas of computer science, especially in ai.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/82pwnrb

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loebner prize.
$25,000 is offered for the first program that judges cannot distinguish from a real human and which can convince judges that the human is the computer program. Interrogators (who judge the systems) have limited time: 5 minutes per entity in the 2003 competition, 20+ per pair in 2004–2007 competitions, 5 minutes to conduct simultaneous conversations with a human and the program in 2008–2009, increased to 25 minutes of simultaneous conversation since 2010.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ljhg6f8

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logic and artificial intelligence.
In the early stages of its emergence in logical ai, many researchers seem to have thought of nonmonotonic reasoning as a general method for reasoning about uncertainty; but by the end of the 1980s, implementations of fully quantitative probabilistic reasoning were not only possible in principle, but were clearly preferable in many sorts of applications to methods involving nonmonotonic logic. Because the core theoretical topics (modal, conditional and temporal logic, belief revision, and the logic of context) are so similar, and because the ultimate goal (the formalization of nonmathematical reasoning) is the same, one can see logic in ai as a continuous extension of the philosophical logic tradition.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc8e2dvh

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machine intelligence research institute.
The machine intelligence research institute (miri), formerly the singularity institute for artificial intelligence (siai), is a non-profit research institute focused since 2005 on identifying and managing potential existential risks from artificial general intelligence. Miri’s approach to identifying and managing the risks of ai, led by yudkowsky, primarily addresses how to design friendly ai, covering both the initial design of ai systems and the creation of mechanisms to ensure that evolving ai systems remain friendly.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qbtellc

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machine learning.
Machine learning and data mining often employ the same methods and overlap significantly, but while machine learning focuses on prediction, based on known properties learned from the training data, data mining focuses on the discovery of (previously) unknown properties in the data (this is the analysis step of knowledge discovery in databases). Data mining uses many machine learning methods, but with different goals; on the other hand, machine learning also employs data mining methods as “unsupervised learning” or as a preprocessing step to improve learner accuracy.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/98o2j8v

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machine translation.
The rule-based machine translation paradigm includes transfer-based machine translation, interlingual machine translation and dictionary-based machine translation paradigms. Transfer-based machine translation is similar to interlingual machine translation in that it creates a translation from an intermediate representation that simulates the meaning of the original sentence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pm3cvpe

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marc raibert.
A control circuit is responsive to the sensor and is configured to electronically control the fluid subsystem to supply fluid to the first piston-cylinder assembly when the sensor subsystem senses a load below a predetermined magnitude and to supply fluid to both piston-cylinder assemblies when the sensor subsystem senses a load above the predetermined magnitude. The coil spring 118 is mounted at a position such that the distance between a driving shaft 101 and the distal end of the bar member 120 has a substantially linear relationship with respect to the force virtually operating between a driving shaft 101 and the distal end of the bar member 120.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yczyubtr

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marvin minsky.
Minsky is mentioned explicitly in arthur c. Clarke’s derivative novel of the same name, where he is portrayed as achieving a crucial break-through in artificial intelligence in the then-future 1980s, paving the way for hal 9000 in the early 21st century: in the 1980s, minsky and good had shown how artificial neural networks could be generated automatically — self replicated — in accordance with any arbitrary learning program. In 2006, he was inducted as a fellow of the computer history museum “for co-founding the field of artificial intelligence, creating early neural networks and robots, and developing theories of human and machine cognition.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nsp76s5

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means-ends analysis.
However, even without the ordering of differences according to importance, mea improves over other search heuristics (again in the average case) by focusing the problem solving on the actual differences between the current state and that of the goal. It must also have means for detecting the progress it is making (the changes in the differences between the actual and the desired state), as some attempted sequences of actions may fail and, hence, some alternate sequences may be tried.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y784v86x

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meka robotics.
In 2012, the company entered into a joint venture with willow garage and sri international to found redwood robotics, a company specializing in robotic arms. In 2008, the company teamed with the socially intelligent machines lab at the georgia institute of technology to develop simon, an upper torso humanoid platform for human robot interaction.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9aofc7j

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metaheuristic.
[citation needed] popular metaheuristics for combinatorial problems include simulated annealing by kirkpatrick et al., genetic algorithms by holland et al., scatter search and tabu search by glover. In computer science and mathematical optimization, a metaheuristic is a higher-level procedure or heuristic designed to find, generate, or select a heuristic (partial search algorithm) that may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem, especially with incomplete or imperfect information or limited computation capacity.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc44bjoh

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military robot.
Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled mobile robots designed for military applications, from transport to search & rescue and attack. The use of autonomous fighters and bombers to destroy enemy targets is especially promising because of the lack of training required for robotic pilots, autonomous planes are capable of performing maneuvers which could not otherwise be done with human pilots (due to high amount of g-force), plane designs do not require a life support system, and a loss of a plane does not mean a loss of a pilot.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc6yqhq8

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mind uploading.
In 2009, as director of the blue brain project, he claimed that “a detailed, functional artificial human brain can be built within the next 10 years.” Required computational capacity strongly depend on the chosen level of simulation model scale: since the function of the human mind and how it might arise from the working of the brain’s neural network, are poorly understood issues, mind uploading relies on the idea of neural network emulation. Whole brain emulation (wbe), mind upload or brain upload (sometimes called “mind copying” or “mind transfer”) is the hypothetical futuristic process of scanning the mental state (including long-term memory and “self”) of a particular brain substrate and copying it to a computer.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/aruyfxx

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mindpixel.
Participants in the project created one-line statements which aimed to be objectively true or false to 20 other anonymous participants. In this paper, mckinstry (as posthumous first author), dale, and spivey use a very small and carefully selected set of mindpixel statements to show that even high-level thought processes like decision making can be revealed in the nonlinear dynamics of bodily action.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd8p4zuh

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monitoring and surveillance agents.
Another type of monitoring and surveillance agent works on computer networks keeping track of the configuration of each computer connected to the network. Monitoring and surveillance agents (also known as predictive agents) are a type of intelligent agent software that observes and reports on computer equipment.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ja2suv

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moore’s law.
In 1975, house noted that moore’s revised law of doubling transistor count every 2 years in turn implied that computer chip performance would roughly double every 18 months (with no increase in power consumption). In 1965, moore examined the density of transistors at which cost is minimized, and observed that, as transistors were made smaller through advances in photolithography, this number would increase at “a rate of roughly a factor of two per year”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qfv9bnp

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moravec’s paradox.
A compact way to express this argument would be: some examples of skills that have been evolving for millions of years: recognizing a face, moving around in space, judging people’s motivations, catching a ball, recognizing a voice, setting appropriate goals, paying attention to things that are interesting; anything to do with perception, attention, visualization, motor skills, social skills and so on. In his 1994 book the language instinct, he wrote: the main lesson of thirty-five years of ai research is that the hard problems are easy and the easy problems are hard.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/bpaedz8

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multi-agent system.
Categories include: agent environments can be divided into: agent environments can also be organized according to properties such as accessibility (whether it is possible to gather complete information about the environment), determinism (whether an action causes a definite effect), dynamics (how many entities influence the environment in the moment), discreteness (whether the number of possible actions in the environment is finite), episodicity (whether agent actions in certain time periods influence other periods), and dimensionality (whether spatial characteristics are important factors of the environment and the agent considers space in its decision making). The agents in a multi-agent system have several important characteristics: multi-agent systems can manifest self-organisation as well as self-direction and other control paradigms and related complex behaviors even when the individual strategies of all their agents are simple.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hcbtyod

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murray shanahan.
In 2015, shanahan published the technological singularity, which runs through various scenarios following the invention of an artificial intelligence that makes better versions of itself and rapidly outcompetes humans. He is on the external advisory board for the cambridge centre for the study of existential risk, and is on the six-person ethics board for texan startup lucid.ai.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybqkhsk6

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music and artificial intelligence.
The computer music project at cmu develops computer music and interactive performance technology to enhance human musical experience and creativity. Nevertheless, artificial intelligence and music (aim) has, for a long time, been a common subject in several conferences and workshops, including the international computer music conference, the computing society conference and the international joint conference on artificial intelligence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hucs7oy

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mycroft.
Montgomery believes that the burgeoning industry of intelligent personal assistance poses privacy concerns for users and has promised that mycroft will protect privacy through its open source machine learning platform. To date, the company has raised more than $2.5 million from institutional investors and has opted to offer shares of the company to the public through startengine, an equity crowdfunding platform.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y98jo3s5

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new-gen.
However, his apprentice deadalus, grows ruthless and seeks to use the nanobots to gain power and control over new-gen. Deadalus unleashes a powerful, unpredictable type of nanotechnology on the world, which infects several of the children of new-gen, changing them into super-powered creatures. The microbots respond and behave much like the nanobots he worked with on new-gen. Deadalus plans to use the microbots to gain power over other worlds and dimensions.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc26ft3t

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nyu center for data science.
Yann lecun was invited to chair the working group, and they eventually recommended the creation of a multidisciplinary data science center in response to the growing demand for data scientists in academia, industry, and government. It is also part of the moore-sloan data science environment, a five-year $37.8 million cross-institutional partnership with berkeley institute for data science and the university of washington that aims to advance data-intensive scientific discovery.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybekeygk

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named-entity recognition.
Named-entity recognition (ner) (also known as entity identification, entity chunking and entity extraction) is a subtask of information extraction that seeks to locate and classify named entities mentioned in unstructured text into pre-defined categories such as person names, organizations, locations, medical codes, time expressions, quantities, monetary values, percentages, etc. This suffers from at least two problems: first, the vast majority of tokens in real-world text are not part of entity names, so the baseline accuracy (always predict “not an entity”) is extravagantly high, typically >90%; and second, mispredicting the full span of an entity name is not properly penalized (finding only a person’s first name when their last name follows might be scored as ½ accuracy).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/nwzlntv

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nathaniel rochester.
The artificial intelligence programs developed at ibm began to generate a great deal of publicity and were featured in articles in both scientific american and the new york times. An internal report prepared around 1960 recommended that ibm end broad support for ai and so the company ended its ai program and began to aggressively spread the message that “computers can only do what they were told.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yatk8ab8

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natural language processing.
In the 2010s, representation learning and deep neural network-style machine learning methods became widespread in natural language processing, due in part to a flurry of results showing that such techniques can achieve state-of-the-art results in many natural language tasks, for example in language modeling, parsing, and many others. Challenges in natural language processing frequently involve speech recognition, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/bro3pbr

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natural language understanding.
Eight years after john mccarthy coined the term artificial intelligence, bobrow’s dissertation (titled natural language input for a computer problem solving system) showed how a computer could understand simple natural language input to solve algebra word problems. Systems with an easy to use or english like syntax are, however, quite distinct from systems that use a rich lexicon and include an internal representation (often as first order logic) of the semantics of natural language sentences.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jtspglp

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natural language user interface.
In addition, localisation across multiple language sites requires extra consideration — this is based on differing sentence structure and language syntax variations between most languages. A 1995 paper titled ‘natural language interfaces to databases — an introduction’, describes some challenges: other goals to consider more generally are the speed and efficiency of the interface, in all algorithms these two points are the main point that will determine if some methods are better than others and therefore have greater success in the market.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8go6pgy

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netflix.
Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device, the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously, and the “platinum” tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices, and 4k streaming on supported devices and internet connections. On november 13, 2019, netflix and nickelodeon entered into a multiyear content production agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on nickelodeon’s library of characters, in order to compete with disney’s new streaming service disney+, which had launched the day before.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/86us9js

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networked control system.
New control strategies, kinematics of the actuators in the systems, reliability and security of communications, bandwidth allocation, development of data communication protocols, corresponding fault detection and fault tolerant control strategies, real-time information collection and efficient processing of sensors data are some of the relative topics studied in depth. A networked control system (ncs) is a control system wherein the control loops are closed through a communication network.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydz27sn5

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neural networks (journal).
Neural networks is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal and an official journal of the international neural network society, european neural network society, and japanese neural network society. According to the journal citation reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 5.287.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yalmhzv9

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neural modeling fields.
The result of signal processing at a given level are activated models, or concepts m recognized in the input signals n; these models along with the corresponding instinctual signals and emotions may activate behavioral models and generate behavior at this level. These parameters may include position, orientation, or lighting of an object m. Model mm(sm,n) predicts a value x(n) of a signal at neuron n. For example, during visual perception, a neuron n in the visual cortex receives a signal x(n) from retina and a priming signal mm(sm,n) from an object-concept-model m. Neuron n is activated if both the bottom-up signal from lower-level-input and the top-down priming signal are strong.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yay3fobx

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neural networks.
Topics collective intelligence collective action self-organized criticality herd mentality phase transition agent-based modelling synchronization ant colony optimization particle swarm optimization swarm behavior social network analysis small-world networks community identification centrality motifs graph theory scaling robustness systems biology dynamic networks evolutionary computation genetic algorithms genetic programming artificial life machine learning evolutionary developmental biology artificial intelligence evolutionary robotics reaction–diffusion systems partial differential equations dissipative structures percolation cellular automata spatial ecology self-replication spatial evolutionary biology operationalization feedback self-reference goal-oriented system dynamics sensemaking entropy cybernetics autopoiesis information theory computation theory ordinary differential equations iterative maps phase space attractors stability analysis population dynamics chaos multistability bifurcation rational choice theory bounded rationality irrational behavior artificial neural networks (ann) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. Some of the main breakthroughs include: convolutional neural networks that have proven particularly successful in processing visual and other two-dimensional data; long short-term memory avoid the vanishing gradient problem and can handle signals that have a mix of low and high frequency components aiding large-vocabulary speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, and photo-real talking heads; competitive networks such as generative adversarial networks in which multiple networks (of varying structure) compete with each other, on tasks such as winning a game or on deceiving the opponent about the authenticity of an input.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9svnhe6

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neuronal.
One important and pioneering artificial neural network that used the linear threshold function was the perceptron, developed by frank rosenblatt. Crucially, for instance, any multilayer perceptron using a linear transfer function has an equivalent single-layer network; a non-linear function is therefore necessary to gain the advantages of a multi-layer network.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zn8gg7t

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nick bostrom.
Given that there are few precedents to guide an understanding what, pure, non-anthropocentric rationality, would dictate for a potential singleton ai being held in quarantine, the relatively unlimited means of superintelligence might make for its analysis moving along different lines to the evolved “diminishing returns” assessments that in humans confer a basic aversion to risk. Bostrom contends the power of a superintelligence would be so great that a task given to it by humans might be taken to open-ended extremes, for example, a goal of calculating pi might collaterally cause nanotechnology manufactured facilities to sprout over the entire earth’s surface and cover it within days.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hf255f8

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nonlinear control.
These can be subdivided into techniques which attempt to treat the system as a linear system in a limited range of operation and use (well-known) linear design techniques for each region: those that attempt to introduce auxiliary nonlinear feedback in such a way that the system can be treated as linear for purposes of control design: and lyapunov based methods: an early nonlinear feedback system analysis problem was formulated by a. I. Lur’e. Some properties of nonlinear dynamic systems are there are several well-developed techniques for analyzing nonlinear feedback systems: control design techniques for nonlinear systems also exist.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd395h3e

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norbert wiener.
A child prodigy, wiener later became an early researcher in stochastic and mathematical noise processes, contributing work relevant to electronic engineering, electronic communication, and control systems. What emerged was a mathematical theory of great generality — a theory for predicting the future as best one can on the basis of incomplete information about the past.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y4gzcowv

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nouvelle ai.
A robot using nouvelle ai with simple behaviors like collision avoidance and moving toward a moving object could possibly come together to produce a more complex behavior like chasing a moving object. Nouvelle ai seeks to sidestep the frame problem by dispensing with filling the ai or robot with volumes of symbolic language and instead letting more complex behaviors emerge by combining simpler behavioral elements.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycz8wpv2

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object recognition.
Humans recognize a multitude of objects in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of the objects may vary somewhat in different view points, in many different sizes and scales or even when they are translated or rotated. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to object recognition: object recognition — technology in the field of computer vision for finding and identifying objects in an image or video sequence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7f7c9ex

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omnius.
We’ve a three-point civilization: the imperial household balanced against the federated great houses of the landsraad, and between them, the guild with its damnable monopoly on interstellar transport.as frank herbert’s dune (1965) begins, the known universe is ruled by shaddam iv, the 81st padishah emperor of house corrino, whose power is secured by his control of the brutally efficient military force known as the imperial sardaukar. As established in herbert’s 1965 novel dune, it is the assembly of all noble houses in the imperium, and plays a very important role in the political and economic power balance of the empire, which is shared among the landsraad, the padishah emperor, and the spacing guild (the bene gesserit prefer clandestine manipulation to overt action and therefore remain a “silent” fourth power in the empire until the fall of leto ii atreides).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9g3ax5l

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on intelligence.
A class of cells in layers 2 and 3 should not fire during a learned sequence, the axons of these “exception cells” should fire only if a local prediction is failing. Hawkins predicts that when the features of a visual scene are known in a memory, anticipatory cells should fire before the actual objects are seen in the scene.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oef4n57

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open mind common sense.
This project started in 2005, in collaboration with the software agents group at the mit media lab, the main goal is to collect common sense stated in brazilian portuguese and use it to develop culturally sensitive software applications based on extracting cultural profiles’ knowledge from conceptnet. Much of omcs’s software is built on three interconnected representations: the natural language corpus that people interact with directly, a semantic network built from this corpus called conceptnet, and a matrix-based representation of conceptnet called analogyspace that can infer new knowledge using dimensionality reduction.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycgzdcl4

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open domain question answering.
More commonly, question answering systems can pull answers from an unstructured collection of natural language (this is copy right) some examples of natural language document collections used for question answering systems include: question answering research attempts to deal with a wide range of question types including: fact, list, definition, how, why, hypothetical, semantically constrained, and cross-lingual questions. Assigning a question type to the question is a crucial task, the entire answer extraction process relies on finding the correct question type and hence the correct answer type.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb2rcle9

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openair.
A simple example would be to have a speech recognition system, and a speech synthesizer communicate with an expert system through openair messages, to create a system that can hear and answer various questions through spoken dialogue. Openair is a message routing and communication protocol for artificial intelligence systems that has been gaining in popularity in recent years (2006)[citation needed].
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yaf8aqrx

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opencog.
Opencog prime is an architecture for robot and virtual embodied cognition that defines a set of interacting components designed to give rise to human-equivalent artificial general intelligence (agi) as an emergent phenomenon of the whole system. Opencog is a project that aims to build an open source artificial intelligence framework.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ljgpuhq

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openiris.
It provides “dashboard” views, contextual navigation, and relationship-based structure across an extensible suite of office applications, including a calendar, web and file browser, e-mail client, and instant messaging client. Openiris is the open source version of iris, a semantic desktop that enables users to create a “personal map” across their office-related information objects.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y93myawj

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optical character recognition.
Optical character recognition or optical character reader (ocr) is the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example: from a television broadcast). Widely used as a form of data entry from printed paper data records — whether passport documents, invoices, bank statements, computerized receipts, business cards, mail, printouts of static-data, or any suitable documentation — it is a common method of digitizing printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line, and used in machine processes such as cognitive computing, machine translation, (extracted) text-to-speech, key data and text mining.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zj37uux

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optical mark recognition.
Optical mark recognition (also called optical mark reading and omr) is the process of capturing human-marked data from document forms such as surveys and tests. The need for omr software originated because early optical mark recognition systems used dedicated scanners and special pre-printed forms with drop-out colors and registration marks.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd74g5pq

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orson scott card.
Card started writing science fiction short stories because he felt he could sell short stories in that genre more easily than others. Though card was initially classified as a hard science fiction writer for publishing in analog, his science fiction focuses more on his characters than on the details of future technology.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/73yzk6l

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paradigms of ai programming: case studies in common lisp.
Paradigms of ai programming: case studies in common lisp (isbn 1–55860–191–0) is a well-known programming book by peter norvig about artificial intelligence programming using common lisp. The lisp programming language has survived since 1958 as a primary language for artificial intelligence research.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hbxmmc9

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particle swarm optimization.
However, the analyses were criticized by pedersen for being oversimplified as they assume the swarm has only one particle, that it does not use stochastic variables and that the points of attraction, that is, the particle’s best known position p and the swarm’s best known position g, remain constant throughout the optimization process. A good example of this presented a promising variant of a genetic algorithm (another popular metaheuristic) but it was later found to be defective as it was strongly biased in its optimization search towards similar values for different dimensions in the search space, which happened to be the optimum of the benchmark problems considered.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb73s564

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partnership on ai.
Partnership on ai (full name partnership on artificial intelligence to benefit people and society) is a nonprofit coalition committed to the responsible use of artificial intelligence. Lyons brings to the organization her expertise in technology governance, with a specific focus in machine intelligence, ai, and robotics policy, having formerly served as policy advisor to the united states chief technology officer megan smith.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ulwduq

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pattern recognition.
Formally, the problem of supervised pattern recognition can be stated as follows: given an unknown function g : x → y (the ground truth) that maps input instances x ∈ x to output labels y ∈ y , along with training data d = { ( x 1 , y 1 ) , … , ( x n , y n ) assumed to represent accurate examples of the mapping, produce a function h : x → y that approximates as closely as possible the correct mapping g. A modern definition of pattern recognition is: the field of pattern recognition is concerned with the automatic discovery of regularities in data with computer algorithms and with the use of these regularities to take actions such as classifying the data into different categories.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yaomzhfm

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percept (artificial intelligence).
For example, if a camera were to record a gesture, the agent would process the percepts, calculate the corresponding spatial vectors, examine its percept history, and use the agent program (the application of the agent function) to act accordingly. Each percept is added to a “percept sequence”, which is a complete history of each percept ever detected.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9fwp9lh

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perceptron.
In the modern sense, the perceptron is an algorithm for learning a binary classifier called a threshold function: a function that maps its input x (a real-valued vector) to an output value f ( x ) (a single binary value): where w is a vector of real-valued weights, w ⋅ x is the dot product ∑ i = 1 m w i x i, where m is the number of inputs to the perceptron, and b is the bias. There exists a weight vector w , | | w | | = 1, and a bias term b such that w ⋅ x j > γ with d j = 1 and w ⋅ x j < − γ for all j with d j = 0, where d j is the desired output value of the perceptron for input j.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qdfu4rz

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perceptual computing.
10] in which for the first time only words are used at every level of the following hierarchical and distributed decision making process: n reviewers have to provide a subjective recommendation about a journal article that has been sent to them by the associate editor, who then has to aggregate the independent recommendations into a final recommendation that is sent to the editor-in-chief of the journal. Perceptual computing is an application of zadeh’s theory of computing with words on the field of assisting people to make subjective judgments.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y95n7srt

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permutation city.
Copies form the conceptual spine of the story, and much of the plot deals directly with the “lived” experience of copies, most of whom are copies of wealthy billionaires suffering terminal illnesses or fatal accidents, who spend their existences in vr worlds of their creating, usually maintained by trust funds, which independently own and operate large computing resources for their sakes, separated physically and economically from most of the rest of the world’s computing power, which is privatized as a fungible commodity. At the opposite end from the wealthy copies are those who can only afford to live in the virtual equivalent of “slums”, being bounced around the globe to the cheapest physical computing available at any given time in order to save money, while running at much slower speeds compared to the wealthy copies.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hjl4nkj

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person of interest.
The following characters are tied to a government project related to the development and use of the machine: the following characters are involved in the hr storyline, in which a group of corrupt police officers and public officials work to control organized crime in new york: the following characters are part of reese’s backstory relating to his time with the cia: the following characters are involved in the decima technologies storyline, a shadowy organization that is in possession of the samaritan ai: the following characters are involved in the brotherhood drug gang storyline: the machine is an artificially intelligent system, created at the request of the u.s. government, to sift through the data collected by nsa mass surveillance. Tim surette of tv.com called the former one of the series’ “best episodes”, commending caviezel’s performance and the episode’s character exploration, while the latter was called “exactly what a season finale should be”, with surette concluding his review by saying “‘firewall’ was a spectacular finish to what has been an incredibly surprising first season of person of interest.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/d7jr4sy

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peter norvig.
He was head of the computational sciences division (now the intelligent systems division) at nasa ames research center, where he oversaw a staff of 200 scientists performing nasa’s research and development in autonomy and robotics, automated software engineering and data analysis, neuroengineering, collaborative systems research, and simulation-based decision-making. Before that he was chief scientist at junglee, where he helped develop one of the first internet comparison shopping services; chief designer at harlequin inc.; and senior scientist at sun microsystems laboratories.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9qt9tfz

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philosophy.
However, the modern consensus in the scientific and mathematical community is that actual human reasoning is inconsistent; that any consistent “idealized version” h of human reasoning would logically be forced to adopt a healthy but counter-intuitive open-minded skepticism about the consistency of h (otherwise h is provably inconsistent); and that gödel’s theorems do not lead to any valid argument that humans have mathematical reasoning capabilities beyond what a machine could ever duplicate. They wrote: this claim is very strong: it implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation (because a symbol system is necessary for intelligence) and that machines can be intelligent (because a symbol system is sufficient for intelligence).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7697jpn

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philosophy of the mind.
Non-reductionist philosophers hold firmly to two essential convictions with regard to mind–body relations: 1) physicalism is true and mental states must be physical states, but 2) all reductionist proposals are unsatisfactory: mental states cannot be reduced to behavior, brain states or functional states. In modern philosophical writings, the theory’s relationship to neutral monism has become somewhat ill-defined, but one proffered distinction says that whereas neutral monism allows the context of a given group of neutral elements and the relationships into which they enter to determine whether the group can be thought of as mental, physical, both, or neither, dual-aspect theory suggests that the mental and the physical are manifestations (or aspects) of some underlying substance, entity or process that is itself neither mental nor physical as normally understood.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybb9pvds

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phys.org.
Phys.org is a science, research and technology news aggregator where much of the content is republished directly from press releases and news agencies — in a practice known as churnalism. It also produces some science journalism.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ke6zh9z

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physical symbol system.
Examples of physical symbol systems include: the physical symbol system hypothesis claims that both of these are also examples of physical symbol systems: two lines of evidence suggested to allen newell and herbert a. Simon that “symbol manipulation” was the essence of both human and machine intelligence: the development of artificial intelligence programs and psychological experiments on human beings. This claim implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation (because a symbol system is necessary for intelligence) and that machines can be intelligent (because a symbol system is sufficient for intelligence).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybenvpxo

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planning.
The simplest possible planning problem, known as the classical planning problem, is determined by: since the initial state is known unambiguously, and all actions are deterministic, the state of the world after any sequence of actions can be accurately predicted, and the question of observability is irrelevant for classical planning. Further, in planning with rational or real time, the state space may be infinite, unlike in classical planning or planning with integer time.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zvsry8z

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posthumanism.
Critical posthumanism “rejects both human exceptionalism (the idea that humans are unique creatures) and human instrumentalism (that humans have a right to control the natural world).” These contrasting views on the importance of human beings are the main distinctions between the two subjects. The subject is regarded as “an intensification of humanism.” Transhumanist thought suggests that humans are not posthuman yet, but that human enhancement, often through technological advancement and application, is the passage of becoming post-human.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7zw57j8

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probabilistic.
[citation needed] for example, in a bag of 2 red balls and 2 blue balls (4 balls in total), the probability of taking a red ball is 1 / 2; however, when taking a second ball, the probability of it being either a red ball or a blue ball depends on the ball previously taken, such as, if a red ball was taken, the probability of picking a red ball again would be 1 / 3 since only 1 red and 2 blue balls would have been remaining. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes (“heads” and “tails”) are both equally probable; the probability of “heads” equals the probability of “tails”; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either “heads” or “tails” is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oywgf7n

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process mining.
Process mining follows the options established in business process engineering, then goes beyond those options by providing feedback for business process modeling: a database of applications of process mining list all the major process mining initiatives. The term process mining is used in a broader setting to refer not only to techniques for discovering process models, but also techniques for business process conformance and performance analysis based on event logs.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybrjc999

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programming languages.
Artificial intelligence researchers have developed several specialized programming languages for artificial intelligence:
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zjlcx7m

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progress.
On more subjective tasks, the poll gave 6 years for folding laundry as well as an average human worker, 7–10 years for expertly answering ‘easily googleable’ questions, 8 years for average speech transcription, 9 years for average telephone banking, and 11 years for expert songwriting, but over 30 years for writing a new york times bestseller or winning the putnam math competition. Kaplan and haenlein structure artificial intelligence along three evolutionary stages: 1) artificial narrow intelligence — applying ai only to specific tasks; 2) artificial general intelligence — applying ai to several areas and able to autonomously solve problems they were never even designed for; and 3) artificial superintelligence — applying ai to any area capable of scientific creativity, social skills, and general wisdom.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yxflktnl

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project debater.
Project debater is an ibm artificial intelligence project, designed to participate in a full live debate with expert human debaters. In february 11, 2019, project debater debated harish natarajan, who holds the world record in number of debate competition victories.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y73hsjsq

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projects.
The following is a list of current and past, non-classified notable artificial intelligence projects.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/plj6zyk

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puppet master.
During the refugee crisis, she is arrested under charges of treason for requesting united nations intervention in the crisis, though this action on the part of the ruling party chairman was not sanctioned by either party, or electorate — her escape from custody and the aid of section 9 prevented this secret coup d’état from becoming a reality, and also then sent a clear signal to the american empire that japan prefers a stand-alone status within the international community. He served in the military with motoko and ishikawa (under both of them), and has cybernetic eyes that are used by rangers, improved strength from cybernetic arms, legs, and also contains other unlisted parts (these parts are not stated, but rather implied).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8qytpkj

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qrio.
Qrio (“quest for curiosity,” named initially sony dream robot or sdr), was a bipedal humanoid entertainment robot developed and marketed (but never sold) by sony to follow up on the success of its aibo entertainment robot. Four fourth-generation qrio prototype robots were featured dancing in the hell yes music video by recording artist beck.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/gt5xygz

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question answering.
More commonly, question answering systems can pull answers from an unstructured collection of natural language (this is copy right) some examples of natural language document collections used for question answering systems include: question answering research attempts to deal with a wide range of question types including fact, list, definition, how, why, hypothetical, semantically constrained, and cross-lingual questions. Assigning a question type to the question is a crucial task, the entire answer extraction process relies on finding the correct question type and hence the correct answer type.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yahes98p

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r2-d2.
Along with the star wars films, r2-d2 makes non-canon cameo appearances in several other films, such as star trek and star trek into darkness, where he was seen flying in debris, in close encounters of the third kind he is seen on the underside of the alien ship, in raiders of the lost ark, he is seen on the wall of the room containing the ark, and in transformers: revenge of the fallen, the robot was seen flying among rubble and debris in the sky, in ready player one, r2-d2 is also seen as a toy model in wade and samantha’s apartment, he also appears in the wreck-it ralph sequel, ralph breaks the internet. English actor kenny baker played r2-d2 in all three original star wars films and received billing credit for the character in the prequel trilogy, where baker’s role was reduced as r2-d2 was portrayed mainly by radio controlled props and cgi models.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7atqgjf

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raj reddy.
Subsequent systems like hearsay ii, dragon, harpy, and sphinx i/ii developed many of the ideas underlying modern commercial speech recognition technology as summarized in his recent historical review of speech recognition with xuedong huang and james k. Baker. Over a span of five decades, reddy and his colleagues created several historic demonstrations of spoken language systems, e.g., voice control of a robot, large vocabulary connected speech recognition, speaker-independent speech recognition, and unrestricted vocabulary dictation.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hd2hrub

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rapidminer.
Rapidminer provides data mining and machine learning procedures including: data loading and transformation (etl), data preprocessing and visualization, predictive analytics and statistical modeling, evaluation, and deployment. Rapidminer is a data science software platform developed by the company of the same name that provides an integrated environment for data preparation, machine learning, deep learning, text mining, and predictive analytics.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8zyvy5n

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rational agent.
In economics, game theory, decision theory, and artificial intelligence, a rational agent is an agent that has clear preferences, models uncertainty via expected values of variables or functions of variables, and always chooses to perform the action with the optimal expected outcome for itself from among all feasible actions. Evolutionary economics also provides criticisms of the rational agent, citing the “parental bent” (the idea that biological impulses can and do frequently override rational decision-making based on utility).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycmmxx7y

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ray kurzweil.
In 1974, kurzweil founded kurzweil computer products, inc. And led development of the first omni-font optical character recognition system, a computer program capable of recognizing text written in any normal font. He decided that the best application of this technology would be to create a reading machine, which would allow blind people to understand written text by having a computer read it to them aloud.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ketjwtt

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ray solomonoff.
In addition to probability estimates, algorithmic probability “has for ai another important value: its multiplicity of models gives us many different ways to understand our data; a description of solomonoff’s life and work prior to 1997 is in “the discovery of algorithmic probability”, journal of computer and system sciences, vol 55, no. Although he is best known for algorithmic probability and his general theory of inductive inference, he made many other important discoveries throughout his life, most of them directed toward his goal in artificial intelligence: to develop a machine that could solve hard problems using probabilistic methods.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ngxm5m

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real humans.
Hubot skin feels similar to human skin and is kept at normal human body temperature, but beneath the skin are metal components and a blue fluid/lubricant known as hubfluid. Though they are designed to closely resemble humans, hubots are usually easy for humans to recognise as they have bright flawless skin, glossy hair and unnaturally bright (usually very blue or very green) eyes.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ohreu5v

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recurrent neural network.
Whereas recursive neural networks operate on any hierarchical structure, combining child representations into parent representations, recurrent neural networks operate on the linear progression of time, combining the previous time step and a hidden representation into the representation for the current time step. Note that, by the shannon sampling theorem, discrete time recurrent neural networks can be viewed as continuous-time recurrent neural networks where the differential equations have transformed into equivalent difference equations.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jq2nhug

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recursive self improvement.
In one of the first uses of the term “singularity” in the context of technological progress, stanislaw ulam tells of a conversation with john von neumann about accelerating change: one conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue. If a superhuman intelligence were to be invented — either through the amplification of human intelligence or through artificial intelligence — it would bring to bear greater problem-solving and inventive skills than current humans are capable of.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycglv358

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red dwarf.
However, on occasions the bbc decided to ignore the original running order and use the most popular episodes from the series to maximise sales of the videos: for series iii (the first-ever release), “bodyswap” and “timeslides” were swapped round, so that the latter could receive top billing on the second vhs volume; for the second vhs volume of series i, “confidence and paranoia” was given top billing, even though the original broadcast order was retained; this was due to the leading episode being “waiting for god” which shared its name with the title of another comedy series (set in a retirement home); and for series v, “back to reality” and “quarantine” were given top billing on their respective video release, which completely re-organized the order of episodes from that in which they were originally broadcast. All eight series were made available on vhs, and three episodes of series vii were also released as special “xtended” [sic] versions with extra scenes (including an original, unbroadcast ending for the episode “tikka to ride”) and no laugh track; the remastered versions of series i–iii were also released individually and in a complete box-set.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9o9bd85

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redwood robotics.
Redwood specializes in robotic arms “that are simple to program, inexpensive, and safe to operate alongside people”, a field currently occupied by rethink robotics (formerly heartland robotics). Redwood robotics was a joint venture, announced in july 2012, between meka robotics, willow garage, and sri international, all of which have strong presences in the field of robotics.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybngw6zm

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relationship extraction.
Another approach involves visual detection of meaningful relationships in parametric values of objects listed on a data table that shift positions as the table is permuted automatically as controlled by the software user. A relationship extraction task requires the detection and classification of semantic relationship mentions within a set of artifacts, typically from text or xml documents.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y89b5jmm

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replicants.
The sequel retroactively establishes that rachael was part of a short-lived prototype line of replicants designated nexus-7, which was not only intended as a test to make replicants more mentally stable with implanted memories, but to develop replicants capable of naturally conceiving children on their own (all other models before or since are sterile). Two weeks before the starting point of the film, six nexus-6 replicants escaped the off-world colonies, killing 23 people and taking a shuttle to earth; the film focuses on the pursuit of the replicants by rick deckard, a category of police-officer bounty-hunter called a “blade runner”, who investigates, tests, and retires replicants found on earth.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ldb4qkf

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roboduck.
As gabriel fights sly, roboduck resumes destroying metalmites with his teammates, eventually emerging victorious and returning home to new-gen. As a first generation battle robot, roboduck possesses an advanced, plasma based, weapons system for use in ranged combat. He also allows mini to use him as a cannon of sorts, mini aiming him at enemies and squeezing him so a more powerful plasma burp can be shot.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8s6lyxx

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robot series.
The six asimov robot short stories not included in this book are: the first book (not a true novel) is i, robot (1950), a collection of nine previously published short stories woven together as a 21st-century interview with robopsychologist dr. Susan calvin. Asimov later integrated the robot series into his all-encompassing foundation series, making r. Daneel olivaw appear again twenty thousand years later in the age of the galactic empire, in sequels and prequels to the original foundation trilogy; and in the final book of the robots series — robots and empire — we learn how the worlds that later formed the empire were settled, and how earth became radioactive (which was first mentioned in pebble in the sky).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc2h3xm8

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robot swarm.
Have successfully used two swarm intelligence algorithms — one mimicking the behavior of one species of ants (leptothorax acervorum) foraging (stochastic diffusion search, sds) and the other algorithm mimicking the behavior of birds flocking (particle swarm optimization, pso) — to describe a novel integration strategy exploiting the local search properties of the pso with global sds behavior. Sometimes referred to as human swarming or swarm ai, the technology connects groups of human participants into real-time systems that deliberate and converge on solutions as dynamic swarms when simultaneously presented with a question asi has been used for a wide range of applications, from enabling business teams to generate highly accurate financial forecasts to enabling sports fans to outperform vegas betting markets.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y6vk5rx7

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robotics.
Because the process often requires many generations of robots to be simulated, this technique may be run entirely or mostly in simulation, using a robot simulator software package, then tested on real robots once the evolved algorithms are good enough. The vast majority of robots use electric motors, often brushed and brushless dc motors in portable robots or ac motors in industrial robots and cnc machines.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ou2l7lx

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rodney brooks.
In his 1990 paper, “elephants don’t play chess”, brooks argued that in order for robots to accomplish everyday tasks in an environment shared by humans, their higher cognitive abilities, including abstract thinking emulated by symbolic reasoning, need to be based on the primarily sensory-motor coupling (action) with the environment, complemented by the proprioceptive sense which is a key component in hand–eye coordination, pointing out that: over time there’s been a realization that vision, sound-processing, and early language are maybe the keys to how our brain is organized. His robots include mini-robots used in oil wells explorations without cables, the robots that searched for survivors at ground zero in new york, and the robots used in medicine doing robotic surgery.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ogu63gn

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rule-based system.
For example, an expert system might help a doctor choose the correct diagnosis based on a cluster of symptoms, or select tactical moves to play a game. A classic example of a rule-based system is the domain-specific expert system that uses rules to make deductions or choices.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/c6gptk4

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self-management (computer science).
The increasing heterogeneity of big corporate computer systems, the inclusion of mobile computing devices, and the combination of different networking technologies like wlan, cellular phone networks, and mobile ad hoc networks make the conventional, manual management very difficult, time-consuming, and error-prone. [citation needed] the growing complexity of modern networked computer systems is currently the biggest limiting factor in their expansion.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7xap7a5

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self-replicating machines.
The concept of self-replicating machines has been advanced and examined by homer jacobson, edward f. Moore, freeman dyson, john von neumann and in more recent times by k. Eric drexler in his book on nanotechnology, engines of creation (coining the term clanking replicator for such machines) and by robert freitas and ralph merkle in their review kinematic self-replicating machines which provided the first comprehensive analysis of the entire replicator design space. Samuel butler proposed in his 1872 novel erewhon that machines were already capable of reproducing themselves but it was man who made them do so, and added that “machines which reproduce machinery do not reproduce machines after their own kind”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/c5svkno

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semantic web.
An example of a tag that would be used in a non-semantic web page: encoding similar information in a semantic web page might look like this: tim berners-lee calls the resulting network of linked data the giant global graph, in contrast to the html-based world wide web. I think maybe when you’ve got an overlay of scalable vector graphics — everything rippling and folding and looking misty — on web 2.0 and access to a semantic web integrated across a huge space of data, you’ll have access to an unbelievable data resource …”semantic web” is sometimes used as a synonym for “web 3.0”, though the definition of each term varies.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oaobch2

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semantic translation.
Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model. Semantic translation should be differentiated from data mapping tools that do simple one-to-one translation of data from one system to another without actually associating meaning with each data element.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9d6qp5c

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seymour papert.
Papert worked on learning theories, and was known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general, and in schools as learning organizations in particular. He held this position until 1967, when he became professor of applied math and was made co-director of the mit artificial intelligence laboratory by its founding director professor marvin minsky, until 1981; he also served as cecil and ida green professor of education at mit from 1974 to 1981.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/phrodde

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ship in a bottle.
Moriarty again wishes to escape the artificial world of the holodeck and was assured by the crew of the enterprise that they would endeavor to find a way to do so, and is irritated at the lack of results on the part of the crew and their seeming lack of effort. In this episode, which continued a plot line from the second-season episode “elementary, dear data”, the fictional holodeck character professor james moriarty seizes control of the enterprise in his quest to be freed to live in reality, outside the confines of a holographic environment.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb9ew73l

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short circuit.
She takes the robot into her home, where she provides him with “input” in the form of visual and verbal stimuli, allowing the robot to improve its language skills, and eventually names itself “number 5”, being the fifth prototype produced. Almost everything else in the film was relatively inexpensive, allowing them to allocate as much money as they needed for the robot character.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ko6fz8r

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silent speech interface.
Silent speech interface is a device that allows speech communication without using the sound made when people vocalize their speech sounds. Silent speech interface systems have been created using ultrasound and optical camera input of tongue and lip movements.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y6wzm9jm

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singularitarianism.
He suggested that the singularity may pose an existential risk for humanity, and that it could happen through one of four means: singularitarianism coalesced into a coherent ideology in 2000 when artificial intelligence (ai) researcher eliezer yudkowsky wrote the singularitarian principles, in which he stated that a singularitarian believes that the singularity is a secular, non-mystical event which is possible and beneficial to the world and is worked towards by its adherents. Inventor and futurist ray kurzweil, author of the 2005 book the singularity is near: when humans transcend biology, defines a singularitarian as someone “who understands the singularity and who has reflected on its implications for his or her own life”[citation needed] and estimates the singularity will occur around 2045.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y64zwhf5

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siri.
A report from the verge in september 2013 about voice actors, their work, and machine learning developments, made hints that allison dufty was the voice behind siri, though this was disproven when dufty wrote on her website that she was “absolutely, positively not the voice of siri.” it received praise for its voice recognition and contextual knowledge of user information, including calendar appointments, but was criticized for requiring stiff user commands and having a lack of flexibility.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n5wvsoj

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situated approach.
Realizing that in fact all these approaches were aiming at building not an abstract intelligence, but rather an intelligence situated in a given environment, they have come to be known as the situated approach. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if: examples might include web-based agents, which can alter data or trigger processes (such as purchases) over the internet, or virtual-reality bots which inhabit and change virtual worlds, such as second life.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycuyn7up

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skynet.
In the episode “gnothi seauton”, it was revealed that skynet also sends its terminators through various points in time not only to go after the connors and other future resistance leaders, but also to ensure the future will unfold by eliminating john connor’s own agents who were also sent to the past to interfere with its birth, ensure skynet’s creators will complete its construction, and other specific missions. The video game terminator 3: the redemption, as well as presenting a variation on rise of the machines, also features an alternate timeline where john connor was killed prior to judgment day, with the t-850 of the film being sent into this future during its fight with the t-x, requiring it to fight its way back to the temporal displacement engine of the new timeline so that it can go back and save john and kate.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pb754d5

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society for the study of artificial intelligence and the simulation of behavior.
The society for the study of artificial intelligence and simulation of behavior or ssaisb or aisb is a nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their simulation and embodiment in machines. The objectives of the society are: the society hosts an annual convention consisting of parallel symposia covering various specialist topics, loosely organized around a theme.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8j9ousa

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software agent.
Related and derived concepts include intelligent agents (in particular exhibiting some aspects of artificial intelligence, such as reasoning), autonomous agents (capable of modifying the methods of achieving their objectives), distributed agents (being executed on physically distinct computers), multi-agent systems (distributed agents that work together to achieve an objective that could not be accomplished by a single agent acting alone), and mobile agents (agents that can relocate their execution onto different processors). Software agents may be autonomous or work together with other agents or people.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qefkkeh

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speaker for the dead.
It is also the first to describe the hundred worlds, the planets with human colonies that are tightly intertwined by ansible technology which enables instantaneous communication, even across light years of distance. The pequenino wives help ender corroborate the complex life cycle of the pequeninos, affirming that the death ritual pipo observed was to help create “fathertrees” who fertilize the pequenino females to continue their race.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hn6cu5o

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speech generating device.
Smartphones and computers have increased the use of synthesized speech devices through the creation of apps that allow the user to select from a list of phrases or messages to be spoken in the voice and language that the user has chosen. Speech-generating devices can produce electronic voice output by using digitized recordings of natural speech or through speech synthesis — which may carry less emotional information but can permit the user to speak novel messages.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yce68p4r

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speech recognition.
The most recent book on speech recognition is automatic speech recognition: a deep learning approach (publisher: springer) written by microsoft researchers d. Yu and l. Deng and published near the end of 2014, with highly mathematically oriented technical detail on how deep learning methods are derived and implemented in modern speech recognition systems based on dnns and related deep learning methods. Accuracy of speech recognition may vary with the following: [citation needed] as mentioned earlier in this article, accuracy of speech recognition may vary depending on the following factors: with discontinuous speech full sentences separated by silence are used, therefore it becomes easier to recognize the speech as well as with isolated speech.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/q3xmbwb

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sprawl trilogy.
Journalist steven poole wrote in the guardian that “neuromancer and the two novels which followed, count zero (1986) and the gorgeously titled mona lisa overdrive (1988), made up a fertile holy trinity, a sort of chrome koran (the name of one of gibson’s future rock bands) of ideas inviting endless reworkings.” the sprawl trilogy shares this setting with gibson’s short stories “johnny mnemonic”, “new rose hotel”, and “burning chrome”, and events and characters from the stories appear in or are mentioned at points in the trilogy.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/csx3tjc

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stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
Apart from its online status, the encyclopedia uses the traditional academic approach of most encyclopedias and academic journals to achieve quality by means of specialist authors selected by an editor or an editorial committee that is competent (although not necessarily considered specialists) in the field covered by the encyclopedia and peer review. The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (sep) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to internet users.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yauf72dj

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star trek: the next generation.
Early proposals for the series included one in which some of the original series cast might appear as “elder statesmen”, and roddenberry speculated as late as october 1986 that the new series might not even use a spaceship, as “people might travel by some [other] means” 100 years after the uss enterprise. The series ended in its seventh season with a two-part episode “all good things…”, which brought the events of the series full circle to the original confrontation with q.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7uts3tq

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star wars.
It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did. In 1982, parker brothers published the first star wars video game for the atari 2600, star wars: the empire strikes back, followed soon the year later by star wars: jedi arena, the first video game to depict lightsaber combat.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/c7mp4ph

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statistical semantics.
Research in statistical semantics has resulted in a wide variety of algorithms that use the distributional hypothesis to discover many aspects of semantics, by applying statistical techniques to large corpora: statistical semantics focuses on the meanings of common words and the relations between common words, unlike text mining, which tends to focus on whole documents, document collections, or named entities (names of people, places, and organizations). Many of the applications of statistical semantics (listed above) can also be addressed by lexicon-based algorithms, instead of the corpus-based algorithms of statistical semantics.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9vob3rn

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stephen hawking.
Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the concept of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way. Thorne and hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by hawking radiation must be “new”, and not from inside the black hole event horizon.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/q4mmghf

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strategic planning.
For strategic planning to work, it needs to include some formality (i.e., including an analysis of the internal and external environment and the stipulation of strategies, goals and plans based on these analyses), comprehensiveness (i.e., producing many strategic options before selecting the course to follow) and careful stakeholder management (i.e., thinking carefully about whom to involve during the different steps of the strategic planning process, how, when and why). Mintzberg argues that strategic planning can help coordinate planning efforts and measure progress on strategic goals, but that it occurs “around” the strategy formation process rather than within it.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ntm9y7e

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stuart j. Russell.
His research on the history and future of artificial intelligence (ai) and its relation to humanity includes machine learning, probabilistic reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, real-time decision making, multitarget tracking, computer vision, inverse reinforcement learning, and the movement to ban the manufacture and use of autonomous weapons. He received his bachelor of arts degree with first-class honours in physics from the university of oxford where he was an undergraduate student at wadham college, oxford in 1982, and his phd in computer science from stanford university in 1986 for research on inductive reasoning and analogical reasoning supervised by michael genesereth.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9dh2vl3

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sub-symbolic.
In computer science, artificial intelligence (ai), sometimes-called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals. Finally, a few “emergent” approaches look to simulating human intelligence extremely closely, and believe that anthropomorphic features like an artificial brain or simulated child development may someday reach a critical point where general intelligence emerges.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydyz85ns

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subsumption architecture.
The main advantages of the architecture are: the main disadvantages of the architecture are: when subsumption architecture was developed, the novel setup and approach of subsumption architecture allowed it to be successful in many important domains where traditional ai had failed, namely real-time interaction with a dynamic environment. Each layer implements a particular level of behavioral competence, and higher levels are able to subsume lower levels (= integrate/combine lower levels to a more comprehensive whole) in order to create viable behavior.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yc6lhbb9

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superintelligence.
Such a general ability to understand natural language could then be used to understand what is meant by “morally right.” If the ai could grasp the meaning, it could search for actions that fit … One might try to preserve the basic idea of the mr model while reducing its demandingness by focusing on moral permissibility: the idea being that we could let the ai pursue humanity’s cev so long as it did not act in ways that are morally impermissible. He also notes that human intelligence was able to biologically evolve, making it more likely that human engineers will be able to recapitulate this invention.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pssfevp

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support vector machines.
In the classification setting, we have: the optimal classifier is therefore: for the square-loss, the target function is the conditional expectation function, f s q ( x ) = e [ y x ]; for the logistic loss, it’s the logit function, f log ( x ) = ln ⁡ ( p x / ( 1 − p x ) ).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y796we9j

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sussman anomaly.
The problem starts with b on the table, c atop a, and a on the table: however, noninterleaved planners typically separate the goal (stack a atop b atop c) into subgoals, such as: suppose the planner starts by pursuing goal 1. But while this sequence accomplishes goal 1, the agent cannot now pursue goal 2 without undoing goal 1, since both a and b must be moved atop c: if instead the planner starts with goal 2, the most efficient solution is to move b.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydak45ns

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swarm intelligence.
Have successfully used two swarm intelligence algorithms — one mimicking the behavior of one species of ants (leptothorax acervorum) foraging (stochastic diffusion search, sds) and the other algorithm mimicking the behavior of birds flocking (particle swarm optimization, pso) — to describe a novel integration strategy exploiting the local search properties of the pso with global sds behavior. Sometimes referred to as human swarming or swarm ai, the technology connects groups of human participants into real-time systems that deliberate and converge on solutions as dynamic swarms when simultaneously presented with a question asi has been used for a wide range of applications, from enabling business teams to generate highly accurate financial forecasts to enabling sports fans to outperform vegas betting markets.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y74uguho

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symbolic.
Opponents of the symbolic approach include roboticists such as rodney brooks, who aims to produce autonomous robots without symbolic representation (or with only minimal representation) and computational intelligence researchers, who apply techniques such as neural networks and optimization to solve problems in machine learning and control engineering. Symbolic artificial intelligence is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level “symbolic” (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/pt33uat

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synthetic intelligence.
Synthetic intelligence (si) is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or in any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence. Sources disagree about exactly what constitutes “real” intelligence as opposed to “simulated” intelligence and therefore whether there is a meaningful distinction between artificial intelligence and synthetic intelligence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7f7ybbc

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tardis.
As seen in “journey to the centre of the tardis”, the console room is able to be replicated any number of times to create “echo rooms”; occupants in each of the different echo rooms will be able to feel the presence of the others in the forms of shadows and sounds, as the rooms are together for a brief second, with the rooms rapidly alternating between each other, “like a light switch … Flickering at super-infinite speeds.” the tardis has at least two console rooms: the primary one most used throughout the programme’s history, and the secondary console room used during season 14 in 1976/77, which has wood panelling and a more antique feel.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/l6gfb76

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topio.
Topio (“tosy ping pong playing robot”) is a bipedal humanoid robot designed to play table tennis against a human being. Topio 3.0 (the latest version of topio) stands approximately 1.88 m (6' 2") tall and weighs 120 kg (264 lb).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/d8bsr5j

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tensorflow.
Edge tpu is google’s purpose-built asic chip designed to run tensorflow lite machine learning (ml) models on small client computing devices such as smartphones known as edge computing. In may 2016, google announced its tensor processing unit (tpu), an application-specific integrated circuit (a hardware chip) built specifically for machine learning and tailored for tensorflow.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zhxsegw

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terminator.
The creative team stated that the new film would feature a young 18- to 21-year-old, who could potentially lead the franchise should the first film be successful. Terminator genisys was intended to be the first film in a new stand-alone film trilogy, but the planned sequels were cancelled following the film’s disappointing box-office performance.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7rlw68a

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terminology extraction.
Once filtered, because of their low ambiguity and high specificity, these terms are particularly useful for conceptualizing a knowledge domain or for supporting the creation of a domain ontology or a terminology base. Terminology extraction (also known as term extraction, glossary extraction, term recognition, or terminology mining) is a subtask of information extraction.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7bbnmmx

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text mining.
(2005) we can differ three different perspectives of text mining, namely text mining as information extraction, text mining as text data mining, and text mining as kdd (knowledge discovery in databases) process. Text mining techniques also enable us to extract unknown knowledge from unstructured documents in the clinical domain text mining methods and software is also being researched and developed by major firms, including ibm and microsoft, to further automate the mining and analysis processes, and by different firms working in the area of search and indexing in general as a way to improve their results.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/z9ll7j4

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the animatrix.
As the machines advance into eastern europe, the desperate human leaders seek a final solution, codenamed: “operation dark storm”, which covers the sky in a shroud of nanites, blocking out the sun to deprive the machines of solar energy, their primary energy source whilst inevitably starting a worldwide famine and total collapse of the biosphere. Using this as a precedent, the prosecution argues that machines are not entitled to the same rights as human beings, and that human beings have a right to destroy their property, while the defense urges the listener not to repeat history, and to judge b1–66er as a human and not a machine.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jhd97gk

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the bicentennial man.
However, the robot refuses, as the operation is harmful and violates the first law of robotics, which says a robot may never harm a human being. The story jumps to 200 years in the past, when a robot with a serial number beginning with “ndr” is brought to the home of gerald martin (referred to as sir) as a robot butler.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ydfn386s

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the city and the stars.
In introductions to it clarke has told the anecdote of a psychiatrist and patient who admitted that they had discussed it one day in therapy, without realizing at the time that one had read one novel and one the other. The story behind this fear of venturing outside the city tells of a race of ruthless invaders which beat humanity back from the stars to earth, and then made a deal that humanity could live — if they never left the planet.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/abonfog

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the matrix.
Our technique was significantly different because we built it to move around objects that were themselves in motion, and we were also able to create slow-motion events that ‘virtual cameras’ could move around — rather than the static action in gondry’s music videos with limited camera moves.the film is known for popularizing a visual effect known as “bullet time”, which allows a shot to progress in slow-motion while the camera appears to move through the scene at normal speed. John kenneth muir in the encyclopedia of superheroes on film and television called the film a “revolutionary” reimagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films, and credits it with helping to “make comic-book superheroes hip” and effectively demonstrating the concept of “faster than a speeding bullet” with its bullet time effect.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y4hdh9qr

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the matrix franchise.
The sequels had a much larger budget of $150 million each; reloaded was also a big commercial success, earning almost $740 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing r-rated film in history, a title which it held for 13 years, until it was surpassed by the film deadpool; revolutions had the world’s first simultaneous release across major cities all over the world, which for the first time in history included both a release in china, and a release in imax theaters. Four of the films were originally released on the series’ official website, one was shown in cinemas with dreamcatcher, one was shown on mtv, mtv2, mtv3, mtv4, and syfi, and the others first appeared with the dvd release of all nine shorts shortly after the release of the matrix reloaded.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/gvy6hyj

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the minds.
It is mentioned in excession that: “the tenor of the time had generally turned against … Outlandishness and people had mostly returned to looking more like people over the last millennium”, previously “as the fashions of the intervening times had ordained — people … Had resembled birds, fish, dirigible balloons, snakes, small clouds of cohesive smoke and animated bushes”.some culture citizens opt to leave the constraints of a human or even humanoid body altogether, opting to take on the appearance of one of the myriad other galactic sentients (perhaps in order to live with them) or even non-sentient objects as commented upon in matter (though this process can be irreversible if the desired form is too removed from the structure of the human brain). These specific types of drones, like all other culture ai, would also be considered citizens — though as described in the short story “descendant”, they may spend most of the time when their “body” is not in use in a form of remote-linked existence outside of it, or in a form of ai-level virtual reality.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/zenbjxo

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the oracle.
By including the oracle, whose investigations into the human psyche yielded the answer to creating a functional simulation that humans would accept, a stable system was created with the third version of the matrix, while the prophecy of the one made to ensure its continuity in cycles. Her power of foresight, on the other hand, is probably not a foresight based on knowledge of a pre-determined future, but rather a calculation; the architect revealed the oracle to be “a program designed to investigate the human psyche”; thus, allowing the matrix to become more accustomed for the majority of the human population to accept.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ryg57qs

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three laws of robotics.
Indeed, asimov describes “ — that thou art mindful of him” and “bicentennial man” as two opposite, parallel futures for robots that obviate the three laws as robots come to consider themselves to be humans: one portraying this in a positive light with a robot joining human society, one portraying this in a negative light with robots supplanting humans. This concept is largely fuzzy and unclear in earlier stories depicting very rudimentary robots who are only programmed to comprehend basic physical tasks, where the three laws act as an overarching safeguard, but by the era of the caves of steel featuring robots with human or beyond-human intelligence the three laws have become the underlying basic ethical worldview that determines the actions of all robots.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/payhff5

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timeline of artificial intelligence.
This is a timeline of artificial intelligence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yxl7tm6k

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transcendence.
Some sources like the independent thought that the negative reviews reported for the film were harsh and that the film was “stylish and entertaining”, treading a “fairly well-judged path between paranoia and technological utopianism”. Publications such as the guardian, forbes and international business times considered the film to be largely a critical failure, with the guardian stating that the reviews were “almost universally damning” and referring to the film as “one of 2014’s bigger critical turkeys”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/hxvtskw

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transformers.
This new continuity originally consisted of a comic book series titled the transformers with a companion series known as the transformers: spotlight. A live-action film series started in 2007, again distinct from previous incarnations, while the transformers: animated series merged concepts from the g1 continuity, the 2007 live-action film and the “unicron trilogy”.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y6qhxb6f

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transhumanism.
Therefore, on the specific issue of an emerging genetic divide due to unequal access to human enhancement technologies, bioethicist james hughes, in his 2004 book citizen cyborg: why democratic societies must respond to the redesigned human of the future, argues that progressives or, more precisely, techno-progressives must articulate and implement public policies (i.e., a universal health care voucher system that covers human enhancement technologies) in order to attenuate this problem as much as possible, rather than trying to ban human enhancement technologies. Since 2009, the american academy of religion holds a “transhumanism and religion” consultation during its annual meeting, where scholars in the field of religious studies seek to identify and critically evaluate any implicit religious beliefs that might underlie key transhumanist claims and assumptions; consider how transhumanism challenges religious traditions to develop their own ideas of the human future, in particular the prospect of human transformation, whether by technological or other means; and provide critical and constructive assessments of an envisioned future that place greater confidence in nanotechnology, robotics and information technology to achieve virtual immortality and create a superior posthuman species.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/p6x9e37

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turing test.
The test that employs the party game and compares frequencies of success is referred to as the “original imitation game test”, whereas the test consisting of a human judge conversing with a human and a machine is referred to as the “standard turing test”, noting that sterrett equates this with the “standard interpretation” rather than the second version of the imitation game. Sterrett agrees that the standard turing test (stt) has the problems that its critics cite but feels that, in contrast, the original imitation game test (oig test) so defined is immune to many of them, due to a crucial difference: unlike the stt, it does not make similarity to human performance the criterion, even though it employs human performance in setting a criterion for machine intelligence.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/n824wej

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uncanny valley.
A summary of angela tinwell’s research on the uncanny valley, psychological reasons behind the uncanny valley and how designers may overcome the uncanny in human-like virtual characters is provided in her book, the uncanny valley in games and animation by crc press. A number of design principles have been proposed for avoiding the uncanny valley: a number of criticisms have been raised concerning whether the uncanny valley exists as a unified phenomenon amenable to scientific scrutiny: an effect similar to the uncanny valley was noted by charles darwin in 1839: the expression of this [trigonocephalus] snake’s face was hideous and fierce; the pupil consisted of a vertical slit in a mottled and coppery iris; the jaws were broad at the base, and the nose terminated in a triangular projection.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/755cn7h

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universal robotics.
Universal logic, inc., formerly universal robotics, inc., is an artificial intelligence software engineering and robotics integration company headquartered in nashville, tennessee. The systems integrate artificial intelligence with vision, grasping, and motion control to give machines flexibility at high speed.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycwo4ytq

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unmanned combat aerial vehicle.
An unmanned combat aerial vehicle (ucav), also known as a combat drone or simply a drone, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (uav) that usually carries aircraft ordnance such as missiles, atgms, and/or bombs and is used for drone strikes. According to mark gubrud, claims that drones can be hacked are overblown and misleading and moreover, drones are more likely to be hacked if they’re autonomous, because otherwise the human operator would take control: “giving weapon systems autonomous capabilities is a good way to lose control of them, either due to a programming error, unanticipated circumstances, malfunction, or hack and then not be able to regain control short of blowing them up, hopefully before they’ve blown up too many other things and people.”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8ad6pq8

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user illusion.
These critics do point out that other evolutionary paths to consciousness are possible, such as critical evaluation that enhances plasticity by criticizing fallible notions, while pointing out that such a critical consciousness would be quite different from the justificatory type proposed by nørretranders, differences including that a critical consciousness would make individuals more capable of changing their minds instead of justifying and persuading. These critics argue that the existence of social insects with extremely small brains falsifies the notion that social behavior requires consciousness, citing that insects have too small brains to be conscious and yet there are observed behaviors among them that for all functional intents and purposes match those of complex social cooperation and manipulation (including hierarchies where each individual has its place among paper wasps and jack jumper ants and honey bees sneaking when they lay eggs).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybe9fvsk

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vehicle infrastructure integration.
Real-time traffic data can also be used in the design of new roadways or modification of existing systems as the data could be used to provide accurate origin-destination studies and turning-movement counts for uses in transportation forecasting and traffic operations. However, as roadside units could well be placed on the public right-of-way — which is often close to the edge of the roadway — there could be concerns about vehicles hitting them (whether on purpose or by accident).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y5v52eny

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video game ai.
The term “game ai” is used to refer to a broad set of algorithms that also include techniques from control theory, robotics, computer graphics and computer science in general, and so video game ai may often not constitute “true ai” in that such techniques do not necessarily facilitate computer learning or other standard criteria, only constituting “automated computation” or a predetermined and limited set of responses to a predetermined and limited set of inputs. Game developers’ increasing awareness of academic ai and a growing interest in computer games by the academic community is causing the definition of what counts as ai in a game to become less idiosyncratic.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycyx83au

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virtual intelligence.
Virtual intelligence is the intersection of these two technologies: the virtual environments provide non-verbals and visual cues that can affect not only the believability of the vi, but also the usefulness of it. Virtual intelligence is the term given to artificial intelligence that exists within a virtual world.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yd95bpzf

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virtual reality.
Currently standard virtual reality systems use either virtual reality headsets or multi-projected environments to generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that simulate a user’s physical presence in a virtual environment. Simulated reality is a hypothetical virtual reality as truly immersive as the actual reality, enabling an advanced lifelike experience or even virtual eternity.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/lavoqme

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viv.
The development team has been working on the software since 2012 and had raised over $22 million in funding by early 2015 and $30 million by early 2016. The following month, it was revealed that a personal assistant software would be available on the samsung galaxy s8 and s8+.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y76hzkaz

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wall-e.
It has won the award, or the equivalent of it, from the boston society of film critics (tied with slumdog millionaire), the chicago film critics association, the central ohio film critics awards, the online film critics society, and most notably the los angeles film critics association, where it became the first animated feature to win the prestigious award. The various editions included the short film presto, another short film burn-e (which is about the lamp repairing robot briefly seen in wall-e), the leslie iwerks documentary film the pixar story, shorts about the history of buy n large, behind-the-scenes special features, and a digital copy of the film that can be played through itunes or windows media player-compatible devices.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycvnsfkw

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walter pitts.
In 1959, the paradigmatic “what the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain” (credited to humberto maturana, lettvin, mcculloch and pitts) conclusively demonstrated that “analog processes in the eye were doing at least part of the interpretive work” in image processing as opposed to “the brain computing information digital neuron by digital neuron using the exacting implement of mathematical logic”, leading pitts to burn his unpublished doctoral dissertation on probabilistic three dimensional neural networks and years of unpublished research. He proposed landmark theoretical formulations of neural activity and generative processes that influenced diverse fields such as cognitive sciences and psychology, philosophy, neurosciences, computer science, artificial neural networks, cybernetics and artificial intelligence, together with what has come to be known as the generative sciences.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7nmelav

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war games.
Computer gaming world stated that “wargames is plausible enough to intrigue and terrifying enough to excite … [it] makes one think, as well as feel, all the way”, raised several moral questions about technology and society, and recommended the film to “computer hobbyists of all kinds”. Film critic roger ebert gave the film four out of four stars, calling it “an amazingly entertaining thriller” and “one of the best films so far this year”, with a “wonderful” ending.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/qf599gk

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warren mccullough.
Along with walter pitts, mcculloch created computational models based on mathematical algorithms called threshold logic which split the inquiry into two distinct approaches, one approach focused on biological processes in the brain and the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence. In the 1943 paper they attempted to demonstrate that a turing machine program could be implemented in a finite network of formal neurons (in the event, the turing machine contains their model of the brain, but the converse is not true ), that the neuron was the base logic unit of the brain.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y96wbfwn

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watson.
To aid physicians in the treatment of their patients, once a physician has posed a query to the system describing symptoms and other related factors, watson first parses the input to identify the most important pieces of information; then mines patient data to find facts relevant to the patient’s medical and hereditary history; then examines available data sources to form and test hypotheses; and finally provides a list of individualized, confidence-scored recommendations. Physicians at columbia university would help to identify critical issues in the practice of medicine where the system’s technology may be able to contribute, and physicians at the university of maryland would work to identify the best way that a technology like watson could interact with medical practitioners to provide the maximum assistance.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/oxjrv6p

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weak ai.
Weak artificial intelligence (weak ai), is artificial intelligence that implements a limited part of mind, or as narrow ai, is focused on one narrow task. Hypothesis testing about minds or part of minds are typically not part of narrow ai, but rather implementation of some superficial lookalike feature.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ybc4h3pv

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weaponization of artificial intelligence.
Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. The us navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycq9u9ph

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weights.
Topics collective intelligence collective action self-organized criticality herd mentality phase transition agent-based modelling synchronization ant colony optimization particle swarm optimization swarm behavior social network analysis small-world networks community identification centrality motifs graph theory scaling robustness systems biology dynamic networks evolutionary computation genetic algorithms genetic programming artificial life machine learning evolutionary developmental biology artificial intelligence evolutionary robotics reaction–diffusion systems partial differential equations dissipative structures percolation cellular automata spatial ecology self-replication spatial evolutionary biology operationalization feedback self-reference goal-oriented system dynamics sensemaking entropy cybernetics autopoiesis information theory computation theory ordinary differential equations iterative maps phase space attractors stability analysis population dynamics chaos multistability bifurcation rational choice theory bounded rationality irrational behavior artificial neural networks (ann) or connectionist systems are computing systems vaguely inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. Some of the main breakthroughs include: convolutional neural networks that have proven particularly successful in processing visual and other two-dimensional data; long short-term memory avoid the vanishing gradient problem and can handle signals that have a mix of low and high frequency components aiding large-vocabulary speech recognition, text-to-speech synthesis, and photo-real talking heads; competitive networks such as generative adversarial networks in which multiple networks (of varying structure) compete with each other, on tasks such as winning a game or on deceiving the opponent about the authenticity of an input.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y7u3ldf7

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westworld.
Scenes that were deleted from the rough cut include a bank robbery and sales room sequences, an opening with a hovercraft flying above the desert, additional and longer dialogue scenes, more scenes with robots attacking and killing guests including a scene where one guest is tied down to a rack and is killed when his arms are pulled out, a longer chase scene with the gunslinger chasing peter, and one where the gunslinger cleans his face with water after peter throws acid on him. Vincent canby of the new york times wrote that crichton had made “a creditable debut as a film director,” but “crichton the director seems to have had more fun with the film than crichton the writer, whose screenplay can offer us no better explanation for the sudden, bloody robot rebellion than an epidemic of ‘central mechanism psychosis.’”
wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/jqks3fx

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wetware (brain).
Wetware is used to describe the elements equivalent to hardware and software found in a person, especially the central nervous system (cns) and the human mind. He used wetware to stand for the data found in any biological system, analogous perhaps to the firmware that is found in a rom chip.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yyxj2fok

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what computers can’t do.
Even if we agree that the psychological assumption is false, ai researchers could still argue (as ai founder john mccarthy has) that it is possible for a symbol processing machine to represent all knowledge, regardless of whether human beings represent knowledge the same way. His critique was based on the insights of modern continental philosophers such as merleau-ponty and heidegger, and was directed at the first wave of ai research which used high level formal symbols to represent reality and tried to reduce intelligence to symbol manipulation.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ycyecvdd

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william gibson.
— cyberpunk author richard k morgan in his early short fiction, gibson is credited by rapatzikou in the literary encyclopedia with effectively “renovating” science fiction, a genre at that time considered widely “insignificant”, influencing by means of the postmodern aesthetic of his writing the development of new perspectives in science fiction studies. After expanding on the story in neuromancer with two more novels (count zero in 1986, and mona lisa overdrive in 1988), thus completing the dystopic sprawl trilogy, gibson collaborated with bruce sterling on the alternate history novel the difference engine (1990), which became an important work of the science fiction subgenre known as steampunk.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/z5l6olc

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xenocide.
Following the events of speaker for the dead, a group of characters are depicted living as members of a brazilian catholic human colony on lusitania, a unique planet inhabited by the only other two known species of sentient alien life: the pequeninos “little ones” and the hive queen. After the rebellion of the small human colony on lusitania in speaker for the dead to protect the future of the intelligent alien species, starways congress sends a fleet to lusitania to regain control, which will take several decades to reach its destination.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y9u49eyt

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yann lecun.
In 1988, he joined the adaptive systems research department at at&t bell laboratories in holmdel, new jersey, united states, headed by lawrence d. Jackel, where he developed a number of new machine learning methods, such as a biologically inspired model of image recognition called convolutional neural networks, the “optimal brain damage” regularization methods, and the graph transformer networks method (similar to conditional random field), which he applied to handwriting recognition and ocr. [citation needed] in 1996, he joined at&t labs-research as head of the image processing research department, which was part of lawrence rabiner’s speech and image processing research lab, and worked primarily on the djvu image compression technology, used by many websites, notably the internet archive, to distribute scanned documents.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/lhpz57z

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yoshua bengio.
He is a professor at the department of computer science and operations research at the université de montréal and scientific director of the montreal institute for learning algorithms (mila). Yoshua bengio frs oc frsc (born 1964 in paris, france) is a canadian computer scientist, most noted for his work on artificial neural networks and deep learning.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8wtueon

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zalta, edward n..
On zalta’s account, some objects (the ordinary concrete ones around us, like tables and chairs) “exemplify” properties, while others (abstract objects like numbers, and what others would call “non-existent objects”, like the round square, and the mountain made entirely of gold) merely “encode” them. While the objects that exemplify properties are discovered through traditional empirical means, a simple set of axioms allows us to know about objects that encode properties.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yb9bq6xy

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android.
The country’s new robotics ethics charter will establish ground rules and laws for human interaction with robots in the future, setting standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots to prevent human abuse of robots and vice versa. Hanson robotics, inc., of texas and kaist produced an android portrait of albert einstein, using hanson’s facial android technology mounted on kaist’s life-size walking bipedal robot body.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/8295bpe

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anime.
Major annual awards in japan include the ōfuji noburō award, the mainichi film award for best animation film, the animation kobe awards, the japan media arts festival animation awards, the tokyo anime award and the japan academy prize for animation of the year. Anime follows the typical production of animation, including storyboarding, voice acting, character design, and cel production (shirobako, itself a series, highlights many of the aspects involved in anime production).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7ofmxez

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applied science.
University of nebraska–lincoln offers a bachelor of science in applied science, an online completion bachelor of science in applied science and a master of applied science. Applied research is contrasted with pure research (basic research) in discussion about research ideals, methodologies, programs, and projects.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y98fsf8d

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emerging technology.
Science fiction has often affected innovation and new technology — for example many rocketry pioneers were inspired by science fiction — and the documentary how william shatner changed the world gives a number of examples of imagined technologies being actualized. Emerging technologies are those technical innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage; converging technologies represent previously distinct fields which are in some way moving towards stronger inter-connection and similar goals.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/yblbux3k

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global catastrophic risk.
In 2008, an informal survey of experts on different global catastrophic risks at the global catastrophic risk conference at the university of oxford suggested a 19% chance of human extinction by the year 2100. A massive volcano eruption would eject extraordinary volumes of volcanic dust, toxic and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere with serious effects on global climate (towards extreme global cooling: volcanic winter if short-term, and ice age if long-term) or global warming (if greenhouse gases were to prevail).
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/omep5um

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identity.
The eriksonian framework rests upon a distinction among the psychological sense of continuity, known as the ego identity (sometimes identified simply as “the self”); the personal idiosyncrasies that separate one person from the next, known as the personal identity; and the collection of social roles that a person might play, known as either the social identity or the cultural identity. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/kaxxzuy

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recursive self-improvement.
In one of the first uses of the term “singularity” in the context of technological progress, stanislaw ulam tells of a conversation with john von neumann about accelerating change: one conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue. If a superhuman intelligence were to be invented — either through the amplification of human intelligence or through artificial intelligence — it would bring to bear greater problem-solving and inventive skills than current humans are capable of.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/ox38dfn

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scientific field.
Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science and science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. It is a physical science which studies various substances, atoms, molecules, and matter (especially carbon based); biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/y8etonjb

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technological singularity.
In one of the first uses of the term “singularity” in the context of technological progress, stanislaw ulam tells of a conversation with john von neumann about accelerating change: one conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue. If a superhuman intelligence were to be invented — either through the amplification of human intelligence or through artificial intelligence — it would bring to bear greater problem-solving and inventive skills than current humans are capable of.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/7ljxpg4

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terminator cyborgs.
However, it has no human emotions such as pity or fear unless learned through human contact and never stops until it fulfills its mission or is destroyed or shut down (although it appears to be able to sense moments of urgency or danger, as it is depicted as raising its voice or widening its eyes in shock on several said occasions). In addition, its skin covering aging over time allowed it to blend in undetected all that time as a human with a human family.
Wikipedia article: http://tinyurl.com/juyjb6h

If you want you can have a look into the kaggle kernel of this solution:

https://www.kaggle.com/liberoliber/ai-ml-and-dl-terms-and-definitions-summary

Enjoy your learning!

Is there any other AI term that you think I should include on this list? Please let your comments.

Jair Ribeiro

This article was originally published on my LinkedIn profile on Published on June 27, 2018

Last Update: June, 05th 2020